Long-term (1998–2007) trends on the spatial distribution of heterotrophic ciliates in the East China Sea in summer: effect of the Three Gorges Dam construction

The spatial distribution of heterotrophic ciliates, environmental factors and potential food items (bacteria, Synechococcus spp. and nanoflagellates) were measured in the East China Sea to examine which variables contributed importantly to the long-term distribution of ciliates between 1998 and 2007. In July 1998 and June 2003, heterotrophic ciliates were found to be abundant (1,000–2,000 × 10³ cells m⁻³) in regions where surface salinity <32 but extremely low (<500 × 10³ cells m⁻³) in shelf waters of surface salinity >32. After August 2003, shortly after the completion of the Three Gorges Dam, we found no significant areal differences in the abundance of heterotrophic ciliates (HC). However, we found a significantly negative correlation between temperature and HC abundance of surface water after the completion of the dam, suggesting that temperature had a greater influence on HC abundance, once the original saline state had changed. For the long-term trends on the vertical distribution of HC, their abundance was significantly higher in the upper 50 m of the water column than at either 75 or 100 m. Abundance of Synechococcus spp. at these levels varied significantly in regions of surface salinity <32, suggesting that ciliates and picophytoplankton contribute greatly to mediating the transfer of organic matter to higher trophic levels in this marine ecosystem.     

Gas hydrate saturation from acoustic impedance and resistivity logs in the Shenhu area, South China Sea

During the China’s first gas hydrate drilling expedition -1 (GMGS-1), gas hydrate was discovered in layers ranging from 10 to 25 m above the base of gas hydrate stability zone in the Shenhu area, South China Sea. Water chemistry, electrical resistivity logs, and acoustic impedance were used to estimate gas hydrate saturations. Gas hydrate saturations estimated from the chloride concentrations range from 0 to 43% of the pore space. The higher gas hydrate saturations were present in the depth from 152 to 177 m at site SH7 and from 190 to 225 m at site SH2, respectively. Gas hydrate saturations estimated from the resistivity using Archie equation have similar trends to those from chloride concentrations. To examine the variability of gas hydrate saturations away from the wells, acoustic impedances calculated from the 3 D seismic data using constrained sparse inversion method were used. Well logs acquired at site SH7 were incorporated into the inversion by establishing a relation between the water-filled porosity, calculated using gas hydrate saturations estimated from the resistivity logs, and the acoustic impedance, calculated from density and velocity logs. Gas hydrate saturations estimated from acoustic impedance of seismic data are ∼10-23% of the pore space and are comparable to those estimated from the well logs. The uncertainties in estimated gas hydrate saturations from seismic acoustic impedances were mainly from uncertainties associated with inverted acoustic impedance, the empirical relation between the water-filled porosities and acoustic impedances, and assumed background resistivity.     

甘肃省舟曲特大泥石流的遥感影像特征及古泥石流遥感识别的地质意义

2010年舟曲特大泥石流是舟曲地区第四纪以来泥石流最新暴发期内强烈活动的体现,所造成的人员伤亡及财产损失堪称世界泥石流灾害史之最。准确分析该地区泥石流的空间分布规律及预测未来泥石流暴发时间可为泥石流的防灾救灾提供科学的依据,其首要任务就是利用一种先进技术对不同时期的泥石流堆积物的空间分布进行快速、准确的识别。遥感技术具有数据获取量大、空间分辨率高及快速等方面的独特优势,可在舟曲特大泥石流及不同时期古泥石流堆积物识别中发挥重要作用。在高分辨率的航空遥感影像上,舟曲特大泥石流具有明显的光谱特征,可用于准确圈定泥石流灾害的范围; 泥石流堆积物在沟谷两侧形成的侧碛堤及在堆积区末端形成的扇形地等形态特征也是识别泥石流的另一个重要标志。舟曲县城东南瓦厂村南及马莲坪村西南白龙江支流沟中的垄岗状堆积物和沟口处的扇形地堆积体在光学遥感影像上具有典型的古泥石流堆积的形态特征,雷达遥感的后向散射系数对比分析和对堆积物剖面的沉积特征分析也证明古泥石流的存在。研究结果表明,通过多期次、多空间分布的现代和古泥石流的对比,不仅可以揭示舟曲地区第四纪以来泥石流发育历史并间接反映地质尺度上气候变化特点,还可为未来泥石流的易发性分析提供数据支撑,因此泥石流堆积物的遥感直接识别具有重要的地质意义。     

长江口沙波统计特征及输移规律

利用多波束测深系统对长江口南港、北槽、横沙通道和北港水下地貌进行测量,对沙波波高、波长、迎流倾角、背流倾角、水深和沉积物特征进行统计,并根据流速、沉积物粒径及水深估算其潮周期内净位移。结果表明:长江口沙波基本都为大型沙波,且沙波大小与其所在区域沉积物粒径呈正比关系;长江口各个区域沙波的对称性不同,涨、落潮优势流越明显,则沙波对称性越差,净位移越大;沙波对称性能反映此区域水动力强弱及潮周期内沙波净位移大小。     

发震时深浅构造相互作用导致横向断层致锁的有限元分析

本文利用三维有限元方法，研究和计算了大震发生前、发生时，发生后震源断层面与深部同面立接断层之间的相互作用以及发震后促使深部断层发生错动从而对震源区近场横向活动断层致锁的结果，得到以下结果：（１）临近大震前震源断层面端部调整单元下方的深部断层有较高的剪应力水平，造成震时对震源断层面发生底辟作用的条件，即调整单元区对应的深部断层单元首次满足破裂条件并发生破裂。（２）震源端部的调整单元和具有蠕能力的横向     

High effectiveness of GRACE data in daily-scale flood modeling: case study in the Xijiang River Basin,China

Natural Hazards - The U.S. 2020 hurricane season was extraordinary because of a record number of named storms coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study draws lessons on how individual...     

鄂尔多斯盆地纳岭沟地区含铀目的层岩石矿物学特征及其对成岩作用、物源等方面的指示

纳岭沟铀矿床位于鄂尔多斯盆地东北部伊陕单斜构造区,其成矿主岩为中侏罗统直罗组下段下亚段.通过野外地质调查、岩芯编录,结合岩矿鉴定、X-衍射、电子探针及扫描电镜等方法,详细研究了该区目的层砂岩碎屑组分、结构及矿物蚀变特征,并初步探讨了其物源及源区构造背景、砂岩绿色成因、成岩作用等特征.结果表明纳岭沟地区含铀砂岩类型以长石岩屑砂岩为主,其成分及结构成熟度均较低,成岩作用较弱,表现为弱压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用以及部分重结晶作用.大量在粒表呈薄膜状及粒间充填的绿泥石等粘土矿物是砂岩呈绿色调的主因.物源可能来自于盆地北缘阴山造山带的太古宙—元古宙变质岩系以及显生宙岩浆岩.其蚀变矿物组合及期次为草莓状黄铁矿—自生高岭石—绿泥石薄膜+粒间绿泥石—铀石+细分散/脉状黄铁矿—亮晶方解石—方解石脉,其成岩环境经历了弱酸性—酸性还原—弱酸弱碱/氧化还原过渡阶段—碱性还原阶段,而砂岩型铀矿的形成与氧化还原—酸碱性过渡成岩环境变化密切相关.     

用多普勒雷达资料对一次区域性暴雨的中尺度分析

利用多普勒雷达资料,对2006年6月2日夜间出现在陕西中部和北部地区的区域性暴雨过程进行分析。结果发现:低层暖湿急流和弱冷空气相互作用产生的两条中尺度辐合线是这一地区出现大暴雨的主要影响系统;低空东南急流为降水区提供的大量的水汽和不稳定能量堆积,在弱冷空气的触发下释放,是产生大暴雨的主要原因;低空急流的输送方向与中尺度辐合线的移动方向,决定了未来辐合线的发展状态;低空急流的日变化引起了暴雨夜发性。     

地震数据采集器的一种硬件"看门狗"

在数字化遥测地震台网的建设中,野外子台都建立在偏远山区坚硬的基岩上,野外台站安装有宽频带大动态地震计,EDAS-3型地震数据采集器,调制解调器及其他设备.在长期运行中,我们发现有的EDAS-3型地震数据采集器多次出现"死机"现象,这种现象的出现因不同的机器而不同,有的很长时间也不会出现,而有的设备多次出现,回厂家检修也查不出故障原因,安装后又会出现.这给野外台站设备维护工作造成极大的困难,去一个台站要往返1～3天,来回车费要600～2 000元,而到达台站后,将数据采集器的电源开关"开关"一次,数据采集器就能恢复正常工作."死机"现象出现的时间间隔,有的台站几个月出现一次,有的台站一个星期或几天就出现一次.这给遥测地震台网的正常运行和维护造成了极大的困难.这种情况不仅北京台网出现,在其他地震台网也出现.根据这种情况,我们设计研制了一种采用硬件控制的地震数据采集器的"看门狗".     

火山活动与构造气候旋回

火山活动是一种重要的地质现象,它的发生总是与构造运动相关联,构造运动有强有弱,持续时间有长有短,具有旋目性,火山活动同样也具有旋回性。大规模的火山喷发往往会对气候变化产生影响,而影响的程度取决于火山所处的位置和喷发的性质及程度。强烈的火山喷发将造成局部地区乃至全球气温下降,由此人们推测火山喷发多发生在冰期,然而统计资料表明,绝大多数火山喷发发生在间冰期,此时的构造运动也比较活跃,而在冰期时很少有火山喷发。至于火山喷发后在短时间内造成的降温与长时间的冰期不能相提并论。火山活动有旋回性,它影响的气候变化也具备有旋回性,这是构造气候旋回的一种表现形式。