Statistical distribution of nonlinear random wave height

1 Introduction The probability distribution of ocean wave element is one of the results of application of random process theory to the ocean wave study. A great amount of outcome has obtained in this field[1,2]. In fact, a great deal of research on linear…     

Dispersion-relationship-preserving seismic modelling using the cross-rhombus stencil with the finite-difference coefficients solved by an over-determined linear system

Finite-difference modeling with a cross-rhombus stencil with high-order accuracy in both spatial and temporal derivatives is a potential method for efficient seismic simulation. The finite-difference coefficients determined by Taylor-series expansion usually preserve the dispersion property in a limited wavenumber range and fixed angles of propagation. To construct the dispersion-relationship-preserving scheme for satisfying high-wavenumber components and multiple angles, we expand the dispersion relation of the cross-rhombus stencil to an over-determined system and apply a regularization method to obtain the stable least-squares solution of the finite-difference coefficients. The new dispersion-relationship-preserving based scheme not only satisfies several designated wavenumbers but also has high-order accuracy in temporal discretization. The numerical analysis demonstrates that the new scheme possesses a better dispersion characteristic and more relaxed stability conditions compared with the Taylor-series expansion based methods. Seismic wave simulations for the homogeneous model and the Sigsbee model demonstrate that the new scheme yields small dispersion error and improves the accuracy of the forward modelling.     

A precisely dated Proterozoic palaeomagnetic pole from the North China craton, and its relevance to palaeocontinental reconstruction

A palaeomagnetic pole position, derived from a precisely dated primary remanence, with minimal uncertainties due to secular variation and structural correction, has been obtained for China's largest dyke swarm, which trends for about 1000 km in a NNW direction across the North China craton. Positive palaeomagnetic contact tests on two dykes signify that the remanent magnetization is primary and formed during initial cooling of the intrusions. The age of one of these dykes, based on U–Pb dating of primary zircon, is 1769.1 ± 2.5 Ma. The mean palaeomagnetic direction for 19 dykes, after structural correction, is D  = 36°, I  = − 5°, k  = 63, α ₉₅ = 4°, yielding a palaeomagnetic pole at Plat=36°N, Plong=247°E, dp  = 2°, dm  = 4° and a palaeolatitude of 2.6°S. Comparison of this pole position with others of similar age from the Canadian Shield allows a continental reconstruction that is compatible with a more or less unchanged configuration of Laurentia, Siberia and the North China craton since about 1800 Ma     

Insights into the Tectonic Fractures in the Yanchang Formation Interbedded Sandstone-Mudstone of the Ordos Basin Based on Core Data and Geomechanical Models

The distribution and intensity of tectonic fractures within geologic units are important to hydrocarbon exploration and development. Taken the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation interbedded sandstone-mudstone in the Ordos Basin as an example, this study used the finite element method (FEM) based on geomechanical models to study the development of tectonic fractures. The results show that the sandstones tend to generate tectonic fractures more easily than mudstones with the same layer thickness, and the highest degree of tectonic fractures will be developed when the sandstone-mudstone thickness ratio is about 5.0. A possible explanation is proposed for the tectonic fracture development based on two important factors of rock brittleness and mechanical layer thickness. Generally, larger rock brittleness and thinner layer thickness will generate more tectonic fractures. In interbedded sandstone-mudstone formations, the rock brittleness increases with the increasing mechanical layer thickness, hence, these two factors will achieve a balance for the development of tectonic fractures when the sandstone-mudstone thickness ratio reaches a specific value, and the development degree of tectonic fractures is the highest at this value.     

Comparison of two wind algorithms of ENVISAT ASAR at high wind

Two wind algorithms of ENVISAT advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR), i. e. CMOD4 model from the European Space Agency (ESA) and CMOD IFR2 model from Quilfen et al., are compared in this paper. The wind direction is estimated from orientation of low and linear signatures in the ASAR imagery. The wind direction has inherently a 180° ambiguity since only a single ASAR image is used. The 180° ambiguity is eliminated by using the buoy data from the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) buoys moored in the Pacific. Wind speed is obtained with the two wind algorithms using both estimated wind direction and normalized radar cross section (NRCS). The retrieved wind results agree well with the data from Quikscat. The root mean square error (RMSE) of wind direction is 2.80? The RMSEs of wind speed from CMOD4 model and CMOD_IFR2 model are 1.09 m/s and 0.60 m/s, respectively. The results indicate that the CMOD_IFR2 model is slight better than CMOD4 model at high wind.     

库车坳陷东部侏罗系砂岩构造裂缝定量预测

塔里木盆地库车坳陷依南-吐孜地区侏罗系低孔低渗砂岩是该区主要的油气储集层,构造裂缝作为油气运移通道和 储集空间,其发育特征和分布规律是制约油气勘探开发的关键。通过对区域构造应力场演化以及裂缝充填特征的分析,认 为依南-吐孜地区侏罗系砂岩裂缝主要形成于新近纪之后。在声发射古应力测量和岩石力学参数测试的基础上,考虑研究 区地质背景、地层形态、断层分布等诸多因素,利用三维有限元法对库车坳陷新近纪以来的构造应力场进行数值模拟,并 在该地区 14 个井段裂缝面密度的约束下,预测出依南—吐孜地区侏罗系砂岩构造裂缝发育程度与分布规律。结果表明,裂 缝分布受到岩性、地层形态与断层的共同影响,下侏罗统阿合组构造裂缝最为发育,平面上依南 2 井西南区域的裂缝面密 度较大,达到 1.5 m-1 以上,而向东裂缝面密度逐渐减小。     

Timing and implications for the late Mesozoic geodynamic settings of eastern North China Craton: Evidences from K–Ar dating age and sedimentary–structural characteristics records of Lingshan Island,Shandong Province

The Lingshan Island in Shandong Province in the eastern North China Craton, well known for the Late Mesozoic multi-scale slide-slump structures is related to paleo-earthquake. Terrigenous clastic rocks, volcanic clastic rocks and volcanic lavas are extensively exposed in the Lingshan Island and its adjacent regions of the Shandong Province, which led to fierce debates on their ages, sedimentary characteristics and tectono-sedimentary evolution. In this contribution, we present the characteristics of the Late Mesozoic stratigraphy in the Lingshan Island. Whole-rock K–Ar dating of dyke at Beilaishi and rhyolites at Laohuzui of the Lingshan Island yielded ages of 159 Ma and \(106\hbox {–}92\hbox { Ma}\) which coincides with the Laiyang Period rifting and the Qingshan Period rifting in the Jiaolai Basin, respectively. On the basis of the analysis to the Late Mesozoic sedimentary environment of ‘flysch’ and ‘molasse’-like formations as well as tectonic stress fields reconstruction, four episodes of the tectono-sedimentary evolution were established in the Lingshan Island and its adjacent regions in the eastern North China Craton. They consist of two episodes of extensional events for the syn-rift, and two episodes of compression events for the inversion of the post-rift. The entire episodes can be summarized as follows: (1) the first syn-rift NW–SE extension in Laiyang Period can be identified by the ‘flysch’ formation (Unit 1) and by emplacement of the NE-trending dyke in the Laiyang Group. This syn-rift episode can be related to the NW–SE post-orogenic extension resulted from the gravity collapse of the thickened lithosphere along the Sulu Orogen. (2) The first post-rift NW–SE inversion, which was caused by the NW-directed subduction of Izanaqi Plate, can be well documented by the ‘X’ type conjugate joints as well as slide slump folds in Unit 1. (3) The second syn-rift NW–SE extension in Qingshan Period is characterized by rhyolite rocks (Unit 2). This syn-rift episode can be considered to be associated with lithospheric delamination of the thickened lithosphere in the eastern North China Craton. And finally, (4) the second post-rift NW–SE inversion which resulted from the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the eastern North China Craton in the NW direction at the end of the Qingshan Period is recorded by ‘molasse’-like formation (Unit 3).     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区构造应力场解析

通过对库鲁克塔格地区的构造地质演化分析,将该地区震旦系以来较强构造变形的构造应力场分4个时期：早古生代、晚古生代、中生代和新生代。根据节理、褶皱和岩墙等应力感构造的测量分析,得出库鲁克塔格地区及其周缘的4个时期构造应力场的最大主压应力方向分别为北北东向、北西西-北西向、北东向和北北东-近南北向。基于对新近纪以来库鲁克塔格地区构造应力场的二维有限元模拟,进一步对该地区应力场的分布特征、边界几何形态对应力场的影响等问题进行了讨论与分析。     

渤张断裂带的构造机制及其地质意义

渤张断裂带形成于中生代,为剪张性断裂带。中新生代以来渤张断裂带一直活动,并控制中新生代沉积和火山活动。中生代至老第三纪早期(42Ma 之前)渤张断裂带为右旋走滑的剪张性断裂带,而老第三纪中晚期以来(42Ma 以来)渤张断裂带转为左旋走滑的剪张性断裂带,并控制了渤海盆地的油气分布和现代的地震活动。近期,沿渤张断裂带地震活动频繁,说明渤张断裂带仍在活动。