2008年初我国低温雨雪冰冻对重点行业的影响及致灾成因分析

运用典型事例和大量的数据,分析了2008年初中国南方低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害对交通、电力、通讯、农业和林业等重点行业以及人民生活各个方面的影响。指出天气气候特点、灾害发生的特殊地域和时间以及不同行业在低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害下的敏感性是致灾因素。要应对这类低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害,并最大限度的将其影响降至最低,就应在电力、公路、铁路以及建筑工程等的规划设计过程中,加强灾害性天气气候的可行性论证和提高设计标准,同时应提高对冬季低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害的预报能力,建立完善的预报系统和信息发布等防治体系,加强应对极端气象灾害的科普宣传,提高民众自救互救能力。     

低纬高原地区城市化对室内外气温的影响研究

以低纬高原城市昆明市为研究对象 ,利用由于城市扩大而受到影响的昆明气象站室内外气温资料和未受城市影响的太华山气象站气温资料 ,以及城市建成区面积和城市人口资料 ,通过比较分析 ,得出以下结果 :昆明地区受全球气候变暖影响年平均气温约升高 0 .5℃ /3 0a ;由于城市面积扩大导致昆明的室内外气温均升高 ,其中室内气温升高幅度大于室外气温 ,干季大于雨季 ;不论是干季还是雨季 ,城市增温效应与城市建成区面积、城市人口均有较好的相关关系。城市建成区面积增加对平均气温的影响较大 ;而城市人口增加对平均室内气温的影响较大。城市建成区面积每增加 1km2 ,年平均室内气温将升高 0 .0 0 5 4℃ ;年平均气温升高 0 .0 12℃。而城市人口增加 1万人 ,年平均室内气温升高 0 .0 2 5 9℃ ;年平均气温升高 0 .0 0 98℃。以上结果有助于深入探讨城市化对城市气候的影响机制 ,为城市建筑的规划、设计提供一定的参考依据。     

锍镍试金富集-等离子体质谱法测定煌斑岩中铂族元素

试金配料中适量加入铁粉,控制硫化铁在锍扣中的含量在20%~40%,获得的锍扣直接用水浸泡粉化后加盐酸分解,分解结束后趁热过滤,沉淀用1mL王水溶解,定容后上机测定,Cs作内标。改进后的方法空白水平进一步降低,检出限得到显著改善,分析流程简化。采用改进后的锍镍试金富集-等离子体质谱法测定了云南哀牢山金矿带煌斑岩和国家一级标准物质GBW 07288(GPt-1)、GBW 07290(GPt-3)中的铂族元素(PGEs)含量,方法检出限为0.001~0.01ng/g,精密度(RSD,n=5)为7.49%~16.6%。     

和田绿洲景观破碎化特征及驱动因素

景观破碎化改变着区域景观结构的完整性和系统的连通性,对景观的稳定性和可持续发展具有重要影响.选取新疆和田绿洲为研究区,以1970年新疆考察数据与MSS影像,1990、2000、2013、2018年4期Landsat TM/ETM+同月相数据为主要数据源,采用景观指数法、移动窗口法、梯度分析及归因分析等方法开展绿洲景观破...     

利用局部观测资料对参数进行变分反演的初步研究

本文考虑一维抛物型偏微分方程的反问题,在已知某一点的局部观测资料下利用变分方法对方程中的未知参数进行反演.在特定的初始条件下,得到了最优的反演参数,研究了测量误差对于参数的影响,并进一步对所得参数的收敛性和收敛精度进行了分析.     

Massive scalar field quasinormal modes of a black hole with quintessence-like matter and a deficit solid angle

Using the third-order WKB approximation, we evaluate the quasinormal frequencies of massive scalar field perturbation around a black hole with quintessence-like matter and a deficit solid angle. The mass u of the scalar field plays an important role in studying the quasinormal frequencies. We find that as the scalar field mass increases when the other parameters are fixed, so do the real parts and the magnitudes of the imaginary parts of the quasinormal frequencies decrease. The imaginary parts are almost linearly related to the real parts.     

Intra- and inter-specific variability in total and methylmercury bioaccumulation by eight marine fish species from the Azores

We relate fish biological and ecological characteristics to total and organic mercury concentrations to determine whether accumulation is influenced by trophic level, Hg concentration in the diet, and vertical distribution. Levels of total mercury and methylmercury were determined in the muscle tissue of eight species of fish: Pagellus acarne, Trachurus picturatus, Phycis phycis, P. blennoides, Polyprion americanus, Conger conger, Lepidopus caudatus and Mora moro, caught in the Azores. All such fishes are commercially valuable and were selected to include species from a wide range of vertical distributions from epipelagic (<200 m) to mesopelagic (>300 m) environments. Methylmercury was the major form accumulated in all species, comprising an average of 88.1% of total mercury. Concentrations of mercury (total and methylmercury) increased with age, length and weight. Based on data from other studies, mercury concentrations in fish diet were estimated. Mercury levels in food ranged from 0.08 to 0.32 ppm, dry weight. Hg concentrations in the food and in muscle tissue from different species were positively correlated. Total Hg levels in the muscles were approximately nine times those estimated in food. Total mercury concentrations in muscle were positively correlated with both trophic level and median depth. Such enhanced mercury bioaccumulation in relation to depth appears to be determined primarily by concentrations in food and ultimately by water chemistry, which controls mercury speciation and uptake at the base of the food chain.     

云南"十五"水工环地质大调查成果丰硕

“十五”期间,云南省水工环地质大调查工作共安排7大项。岩溶水、红层地下水调查及开发示范取得了创新性成果和显著经济社会效益。受政府主管部门委托,编制云南省岩溶石山地区石漠化综合治理规划、红层地下水开发规划。岩溶水开发示范项目建成各类岩溶水源地示范工程21项,解决10．3万人的缺水困难;红层地下水开发示范建成各类裂隙水开采井共263口,解决1．3万人缺水困难。此外,在地质灾害防治、数据库建设、地热资源区划及工作建议等方面获得成果。     

MSE准则下岭-主成分组合估计与LS估计的比较与选择

研究了测量平差Gauss—Markov模型中岭-主成分组合估计与LS估计的比较与选择问题。首先在均方误差（MSE）准则下对岭-主成分组合估计与LS估计进行了比较,得到了岭-主成分组合估计优于LS估计的椭球条件;然后运用Monte Carlo方法对这些条件进行了假设检验;最后通过数值实验说明,在一定显著性水平下当原假设被接受时,可采用岭-主成分组合估计对LS估计做出比较有效的改进,当原假设被拒绝时,应该仍采用LS估计。     

On quantifying hydraulic conductance at the soil–root interface

This study sought to test a widely used hypothesis in water transport from soil to root: the soil textural effect on soil–root interfacial conductance can be quantified by the degree of soil water saturation. This hypothesis is inferred from basic soil physics and is commonly used in modelling root water uptake. However, it has never been subjected to rigorous experimental test. In the current study, the soil texture effect on the interfacial hydraulic conductance was evaluated on well‐watered pot‐grown cotton plants, with soil particle size ranges of 0–0.05, 0.05–0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.45, 0.45–0.6 and 0.6–1 mm in seven treatments, in addition to hydroponics. However, our experimental results showed that the volumetric soil water content, not degree of saturation, is the best explanatory variable for quantifying the interfacial effect on hydraulic conductance. Further analysis indicated that if temporal change of this interfacial effect on hydraulic conductance is the subject of concern, degree of saturation may still be a valid option. If soil textural or spatial variation in root water uptake is the subject of concern, volumetric soil water content is best suited to quantifying the interfacial effect on hydraulic conductance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.