Biodegradability of trimethylbenzene isomers under the strictly anaerobic conditions in groundwater contaminated by gasoline

Trimethylbenzene (TMB), as a constituent of gasoline, is often expected to be used as a conservative tracer in anaerobic BTEX-contaminated groundwater site to correct for attenuation due to dispersion, dilution and sorption along a flow path. To evaluate the suitability of using TMB as a tracer and to better understand biodegradability of TMB in contaminated groundwater by gasoline under anaerobic conditions, laboratory microcosms were conducted with mixed nitrate/iron/sulfate electron-acceptor amendments, using aquifer materials collected from Canadian Forces Base (CFB), Borden, Ontario, Canada. The results showed that under denitrifying conditions, biodegradation of 1,3,5-TMB, 1,2,4-TMB and 1,2,3-TMB were relatively slow and after 204 days of incubation approximately 27, 24, and 16% of the initial concentrations, respectively, were degraded in the microcosms. Under sulfate-reducing conditions, TMB isomers were recalcitrant. In contrast, significant biodegradation of TMB was observed under iron-reducing conditions. 1,3,5-TMB, 1,2,4-TMB and 1,2,3-TMB were degraded to 44, 47, and 24% of initial concentrations with first-order biodegradation rate constants of 0.003, 0.006 and 0.013 d⁻¹, respectively. This study indicates that TMB biodegradation is insignificant under nitrate and sulfate-reducing conditions but significant under iron-reducing conditions. Therefore, the use of TMB as a tracer for interpreting removal of other biodegradable gasoline constituents such as BTEX requires caution, especially in the presence of iron-reducing conditions.     

板内地震填空与断层运动型式

根据人们对板缘地震填空的认识,本文用震级—断层长度的经验关系式分析了我国郯庐断裂带、张家口—烟台断裂带、鲜水河和塔里木盆地北缘等断裂带的地震活动与地质构造的关系。指出在板块内部同样存在着地震沿带逐渐“填满补齐”的现象。这种地震填空,主要发生在那些扭压型和剪滑型的断裂带上。一个基本连续的活动断裂带是板内地震填空所必需的地质条件。作者认为,板内地震填空与断层现代运动的不同型式(或状态)密切相关。一个活动断裂带由稳滑、相对闭锁到破裂位错正是地震空区形成、发展直至发生大地震的带内地震填空过程,与此相应的应变积累段、闭锁段和释放松动段在地质上的差别是:断面上新沉积物覆盖程度依次减小,断层泥粘结度逐次降低而其厚度依次增厚,因而对于那些全新世以来有过活动而断面上新沉积物覆盖较大的一类活断层尤应引起注意。     

北京市立水桥附近黄庄-高丽营隐伏断裂的浅层地震勘探

利用高精度的浅层地震勘探手段,探测出北京市立水桥附近的黄庄-高丽营隐伏断裂,并进行了地质解释。结果表明北京市立水桥附近区域的浅部速度模型为4层结构。第1层至第2层的介质深度从0～150m,P波速度从800～2000m/s,介质为第四纪或古-新近纪覆盖层;第3层至第4层的介质深度为130～300m,P波速度在2000～2500m/s以上,推测为泥岩、砂岩类的基岩区。黄庄-高丽营隐伏活断裂其浅部由东西2条近似平行、相距1300m、走向N23°E、倾向SE的断裂所组成,西断裂F2倾角22°,东断裂F1倾角67°,在634m深度归结成单条断层,构成分叉状结构;断层上盘埋深101m,下盘埋深109m,断距为8m,为断错T2,T3地层界面、带走滑分量的正断层型     

渤海湾盆地东营-惠民凹陷古近系孔店组孔二段地震相与沉积相

在胜利油田,深层油气勘探已经成为寻找后备储量的主要方向,但是因为研究程度低而未能取得重大突破。因此,有必要跳出既成思路,针对孔店组作扎实的基础研究。本文以地震地层学的观点和方法,把东营-惠民凹陷孔店组的地震反射看作一个地震层序,并将其划分为三个亚层序(相当于层序地层学中的体系域),分别对应于地层分层上的孔一段、孔二段和孔三段。利用地震反射波的振幅、连续性、内部结构和外部形态等地震反射特征,在具有油气勘探前景的孔二段的地震反射中识别出了中振幅中连续亚平行席状相、杂乱充填相、杂乱-斜交前积相、丘状相、弱振幅中连续楔状相、弱变振幅低连续楔状相及帚状前积相等七种地震相。将地震相转变为沉积相,划分出了湖泊沉积环境的深湖-半深湖、滨浅湖、扇三角洲、近岸水下扇等沉积相,进而预测了有利相带,优选了部分深湖-半深湖相沉积区作为下一步勘探工作的重点目标区域,为今后的勘探工作提出了有益的建议。     

A Bayesian unmasking method for locating multiple gross errors based on posterior probabilities of classification variables

This paper puts forward a Bayesian method for multiple gross errors location and estimation, and studies the masking and swamping problem in multiple gross errors detection from a new point of view, further proposes the corresponding feasible solution. First, the Bayesian method for gross error location is established based on the posterior probabilities of classification variables, each of which is used to determine whether each observation contains gross error or not. When some interactions exist among observations with multiple gross errors, the above-mentioned method may lead to the failure of detection due to masking and swamping. For that, on the basis of analyzing the character of masking and swamping, starting from the eigen structure of the sample correlation coefficient matrix of the classification vector, we give the Bayesian unmasking method to locate multiple gross errors, and design the corresponding algorithm, namely the adaptive Gibbs sampling algorithm. Finally, applying the mean shift model, we raise a Bayesian approach to estimate gross errors. Significant applications of the approach show the promising results on overcoming masking and swamping.     

渤海湾盆地临清坳陷东部边界断裂——兰聊断层几何学、形成演化与成因机制

充分利用钻井、测井、分层和地震资料,并结合区域地质背景和前人研究成果对临清坳陷东部地区地震资料进行了详细解释,以此为基础对临清坳陷东部边界—兰聊断层的几何学特征、形成演化及其形成的动力学背景进行了深入分析.研究认为:兰聊断层为—上陡下缓的铲式正断层,在基底发生滑脱;兰聊断层具有多期活动的特征,不同构造阶段断层性质不同;...     

土耳其贝帕扎里天然碱矿水平对接井施工工艺

通过对贝帕扎里天然碱矿水平对接井施工工艺的研究,在钻井工艺、漏失地层的处理、下套管通井工具的研制和矿层扩孔工具制作等方面做了改进,确保了施工的正常进行。     

淮北煤田花沟井田水文地质特征及矿井涌水量预算

在分析井田水文地质特征的基础上,对矿井的充水因素进行了论述,认为矿区的主要充水水源为新生界松散层第四含水层砂层孔隙水、二叠系煤系地层砂岩裂隙水和石灰岩岩溶裂隙水,指出了灰岩与煤岩层对口部位是突水可能发生的主要地段,在以后煤矿开采时要加以重视和预防。采用了地下水动力学法、比拟法对矿井涌水量进行了预算,通过对两种计算方法的分析比较,建议采用比拟法预算结果作为矿井正常涌水量和最大涌水量。     

圆形网箱浮架结构有限元分析

在开放的海洋环境中,网箱浮架结构的强度和变形对网箱的安全有重要的意义。以某圆形HDPE网箱浮架结构为研究对象,采用壳单元和板单元,建立了三维有限元模型,分析了浮架结构在分布阻力、锚绳力及迭加载荷作用下的应力和变形,对浮架结构在不同的缆绳系附下的承载极限进行了评估。计算结果表明:缆绳系附处应力水平高,是浮架结构的危险点;浮架结构的变形和应力与网箱系统的载荷特点及缆绳系附方式密切相关;缆绳系附方式不同,浮架结构的承载极限有很大差别。