五种天然水体胶体相可酶解磷的含量及分布特征

分别在太湖草型湖区胥口湾及藻型湖区梅梁湾采集水样,采用常规过滤与切向流超滤相结合的方法,将水体中的颗粒,胶体依据粒径大小分离,通过测定计算得到64-1μm,1-0.5μm,0.5-0.1μm,0.1μm-1nm,<1nm五个粒级的可酶解磷含量.同时采集太湖"引江济太"工程长江调水口--望虞河口水样、千岛湖水样及千岛湖下游河流型水库富春江段水样进行分析.结果显示,5种典型水体中颗粒相的可酶解磷含量占总可酶解磷含量的比重较高,胶体相的可酶解磷也占了相当的比重,是生物必需磷不可忽视的重要储库.望虞河口河水总磷0.216mg/L,可酶解磷含量达0.174mg/L,其输入可能对太湖水体生物有效磷浓度的增加起到重要的贡献,"引江济太"调水时具有一定生态风险.对于胶体范围的可酶解磷,胥口湾、望虞河的胶体态可酶解磷主要分布在较大、中胶体范围,梅梁湾和千岛湖的胶体态可酶解磷主要分布在中、微胶体范围,富春江水库的胶体态可酶解磷分布的相对比较均匀.     

Flume simulation of wave-induced release of internal dissolved nitrogen in Taihu Lake, China

A wave flume simulator was used to study internal nitrogen release from the surface sediment collected from Taihu Lake,China.Particulate nitrogen concentrations were positively correlated with the concentrations of suspended solids,primarily from surface erosion related to the shear stress and duration of wave action.In response to 4 cm-and 10 cm-high wave production representing waves generated in Taihu Lake by gentle and gusty winds,respectively,the mean dynamic release rate of ammonium(NH+4) from the sediment to the overlying water was 1×10-3 mg/(m2.s) and the NH4+ concentration in the overlying water increased by 0.016 mg/L,indicating that waves resulting from strong wind can induce the rapid release of dissolved nitrogen from Taihu Lake sediments.The decrease in interstitial NH+4 concentrations at all sediment depths was associated with an increase in NH4+ concentrations in the overlying water by 0.01 mg/L,showing that sediment below the eroded layer was the main source of internal nitrogen release.Changes in the interstitial dissolved oxygen and NH+4 concentrations showed that wave-induced pore water movement can greatly increase the diffusion rate,and that these effects can influence the sediment to a depth of at least 15 cm.Diffusion induced by pore water movement may be very important for the formation of an active sediment layer in Taihu Lake.     

莱阳盆地莱阳群恐龙足迹化石的新发现

在山东莱阳盆地早白垩世莱阳群龙旺庄组发现15个足迹化石。化石产在灰绿色细砾粗砂岩(转石)的下层面,呈层底凸形(Convex hyporelief)保存。研究表明,足迹为二足行走、趾行式、三趾型,趾端具尖、长爪。足长约13 cm,长大于宽,近中趾对称。趾间角较大:平均值Ⅱ27°Ⅲ27.2°Ⅳ,Ⅱ、Ⅳ趾夹角平均54.2°。趾垫不清晰,无尾迹印痕。经研究,笔者认为这是一新的足迹类型,命名为Paragrallator ichnogen. nov.,并将其归入Coelurosauria Huene 1914次亚目,Anchisauripodidae(Lull 1904)足迹科。即该足迹系由小型兽脚类恐龙——虚骨龙类所形成。恐龙足迹形成于滨湖相—河流相环境中。     

川北元坝气田二叠系长兴组白云岩稀土元素地球化学特征及其指示意义

川北元坝气田二叠系长兴组49个碳酸盐岩样品的稀土元素(REE)和钇(Y)含量的测试结果表明:稀土元素总量(ΣREE)普遍较低(平均1.50×10^-6),说明岩石样品几乎无陆源碎屑的混入,且未受到深部热液的影响。页岩标准化后的白云岩REE特征表现为轻稀土(LREE)亏损、正La异常、负Ce异常(0.49～1.08,平均0.75)、普遍的正Eu异常(0.89～46.00,平均4.68)及较高的Y/Ho值(28.82～63.47,平均43.04),总体表现出与海水的REE配分特征类似,表明白云化流体为还原性的海源流体,白云岩形成环境为埋藏环境。元坝气田长兴组构造平缓,白云岩横向上连续分布,碳酸盐岩δ¹⁸O(-7.07‰～-2.92‰,平均-4.95‰)相对较重,岩心与岩石薄片未观察到角砾状或条带状的热液白云岩典型构造,均说明元坝气田长兴组未受到深部热液流体的影响,白云岩较高的正Eu异常与深部热液流体无关;电子扫描显微镜下观察到大量的热化学硫酸盐还原反应(TSR)的产物单质硫和富硫沥青,表明元坝气田长兴组基质白云岩形成之后的TSR作用导致了地层水极度还原的环境,从而造成了白云岩较高程度的正Eu异常,反过来说明了TSR作用对白云岩储集层具有一定的改造作用。     

Effect of sediment resuspension on underwater light field in shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: A case study in Longgan Lake and Taihu Lake

Based on three continuous in situ underwater light field measurement under different wind waves conditions in Longgan Lake, Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake in July 2003 and littoral zone near TLLER in July 2004, respectively, the effects of sediment resuspension caused by wind waves on PAR diffuse attenuation, absorption coefficients and euphotic depths are analyzed. In Longgan Lake, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients during small, middle and large wind waves were 1.74, 2.02 and 2.45 m-1, respectively, and the corresponding PAR spectral diffuse attenuations ranged from 0.98 to 2.97, 1.34 to 3.95 and 1.80 to 5.40 m-1, respectively. In Meiliang Bay, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients were 2.63, 3.72, 4.37 m-1 during small, middle and large wind waves. PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients increased by 41% and 66% from small to middle, large wind waves, respectively. Absorption coefficients integrated over the range of PAR of CDOM, phytoplankton were 0.26, 0.28 m-1; 0.76, 0.49 m-1, respectively during middle and large wind waves. Absorption coefficients integrated over the range of PAR of non-algal particulate matter and total suspended particulate matter increased from 0.94 to 1.73 m-1, and from 1.70 to 2.22 m-1, respectively during middle and large wind waves. Relative contributions of absorption coefficients of non-algal particulate matter to total absorption coefficient integrated over the range of PAR were 44.14%, 65.05%, respectively, during middle and large wind waves. PAR euphotic depths decreased by 0.40, 0.19, 0.20 m from middle to large wind waves in Longganhu Lake, Meliang Bay and littoral zone near TLLER. Significant correlations were found between transparency, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients, euphotic depths and total suspended paniculate matter, wind velocity, wave height. Most significant correlations were found between transparency, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients, euphotic depths and inorganic suspended paniculate matter but low correlations for chlorophyll a, dissolved organic carbon. Increase of total suspended paniculate matter, especially inorganic suspended paniculate matter caused by wind waves was the dominant factor affecting underwater light field in shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River based on observations at three stations.     

2009—2017年太湖湖泛发生特征及其影响因素

湖泛是太湖蓝藻水华较为独特的灾害表征形式,也是危害湖泊生态服务功能的主要因素,认知其发生机制、演变特征对湖泊蓝藻水华灾害防控具有重要作用.本文基于2009-2017年江苏省水文部门逐年4-10月对太湖湖泛易发区现场巡查获得的湖泛发生状况数据,结合期间水质、入湖水量、营养盐负荷等环境条件变化监测,分析了太湖水域湖泛发生的时空变化特征,研究了湖泛发生前后的环境因子变化规律,探讨了湖泛强度年际波动成因.结果表明,2009-2017年太湖共发现面积超过0.01 km²的湖泛61起,年发生次数3~17次不等;湖泛发生位置主要集中在太湖湖西沿岸带,9年发生了32次,占总频次的一半以上;其次为梅梁湾;贡湖相对较少,而巡查的东部湖区未发现湖泛事件.通过对湖泛发生日与前10日的环境条件对比分析发现,湖泛发生前5天持续的高温、低压和低风速等气象条件有利于湖泛发生：气温连续高于25℃、气压低于101.0 kPa,有利于诱发湖泛;主导风向为东南风也有利于太湖西北部蓝藻水华严重区域的湖泛发生;大量蓝藻水华物质是湖泛发生的重要物质基础：湖泛发生前10日,湖体平均藻密度基本在1500万cells/L以上.湖泛发生强度还受前一年营养盐外源负荷的影响,湖泛发生频次较高的年份,前一年总磷和总氮营养盐入湖负荷也均处于较高水平.研究表明,尽管2007年无锡贡湖水厂发生饮用水危机以来太湖流域已经开展了大量的水环境治理工程,但是截至目前,太湖的湖泛发生风险仍处于较高水平,在营养盐还未控制到较低水平之前,太湖的湖泛巡查与防控仍是十分必要和艰巨的任务.     

鲁西北平原区浅层孔隙水Mn超标特征分析

鲁西北平原区位于山东西部,是重要的工业基地和粮食产区,面临着地下水资源缺乏和水质不佳的问题,浅层孔隙水中Mn含量超标严重.利用区内建立的国家地下水监测工程网络,测试浅层孔隙水中Mn的含量,分析地下水中Mn含量与水文地质条件和地下水化学特征的关系.结果 表明:研究区内浅层孔隙水中Mn含量较高,平均值0.847mg/L,最...     

长江中下游湖泊沉积物生物可利用磷分布特征

利用化学提取方法对太湖6个样点,巢湖4个样点和龙感湖3个样点的表层沉积物和沉积物柱样进行了生物可利用磷(BAP)测定．北太湖表层沉积物的平均含量为259．5mg／kg,而西部湖区平均含量为114 6mg／kg,湖心区平均含量为40．6 mg/kg,而东太湖平均含量为50．7 mg／kg,呈显著北高南低的特点．巢湖西部湖区表层沉积物的BAP平均含量为 254．2 mg／kg,而东部湖区BAP含量降低为101．9mg／kg．龙感湖表层沉积物BAP平均含量为67．8 mg／kg．显著表明污染程度较高的湖区沉积物的BAP相应较高．BAP在沉积物中随深度呈指数降低,显示生物可利用磷在沉积作用下向稳定的非活性磷转化．夏季沉积物中的BAP由于生物活性的增强向溶解态活性磷转化过程增强,显示为较低的BAP含量．BAP 含量与水体溶解态活性磷呈正相关关系,且该相关性在BAP含量较低的样点好于高BAP的样点．     

运河(杭州段)沉积物磷释放的模拟试验

采用室内模拟的方法研究了扰动情况下运河（杭州段）表层沉积物磷的释放对上覆水的影响以及投加石灰、投加三气氛发化铁、连续曝气、换水清洗等措施对沉积物磷释放的控制效果,研究表明,在扰动、开放体系条件下,运河（杭州段）沉积物磷释放导致的上覆水总磷浓度在释放初期最高,随时间逐渐下降,表现出净吸附,采集于有机污染较重河段的沉积物磷释放能力显著高于总磷含量较高但以重金属污染为主的河段的沉积物,上覆水投加石灰最终导致沉积物磷释放量的增加,投加三氯化铁显著降低了上覆水总磷浓度,上覆水连续曝气降低了上覆水的平衡磷浓度、换水清洗对上覆水磷浓度的降低效果是有限的,然而上述措施均未能将上覆水总磷浓度控制在V类水的浓度限定值以下,因此,就上覆水TP的浓度指标而言,运河（杭州段）沉积物的内源释放对其影响很大。     

夏季日最低温度升高对芬兰皮海湖浮游植物群落的影响

为讨论日最低气温变化对浮游植物群落结构的影响,以位于芬兰的皮海湖为研究对象,选取1987—2013年夏季的监测数据,采用非度量多维尺度法分析浮游植物群落结构与气象要素和理化因子之间的关系.结果表明:皮海湖地区夏季增温趋势明显,尤其是日最低气温增加显著;皮海湖夏季浮游植物群落结构主要受气象要素影响,其中又以日最低气温的影响最显著.这可能是因为浮游植物的许多生理过程存在明显的昼夜节律,日最低气温升高能加强浮游植物的夜间呼吸作用和对营养物质的吸收等,从而影响浮游植物的生长和增殖速率等指标.由于不同物种对温度的适应范围不一致,因此日最低气温升高同样可能影响浮游植物的群落结构.