Numerical simulation of sedimentation processes in reservoirs as a function of outlet location

This paper builds on a recently published one-dimensional moving-boundary model of the coevolution of topset, foreset and bottomset in a reservoir that captures the dynamics of the internal muddy pond typical to reservoirs. This model was modified to account for different outlet locations at the reservoir＇s downstream end. This model considers a river carrying two sustained phases of sediments： coarse （sand） and fine （mud）. The coarse phase deposits in the topset and delta foreset, while the fine phase forms a dilute suspension of wash load in the river. As the river enters the reservoir, the muddy water plunges on the foreset to form a Froude-supercritical （purely depositional） turbidity current. This turbidity current emplaces the bottomset. The modified numerical model was tested against five laboratory experiments previously reported by the author. The model successfully locates the muddy-water/clear-water interface. In addition, modeled and measured bed deposits are in good agreement. Results clearly indicate that the location of the internal hydraulic jump plays a key role in the final bed deposit.     

中国大陆科学钻探工程简介

随着航天技术的发展开辟了人类通往宇宙星际的大门,一个与之相呼应的“入地“计划应运而生,这就是直接观测地球陆壳的“大陆科学钻探”。作为伸入地球内部的“望远镜”,大陆科学深钻是当代地球科学具有划时代意义的大科学工程,是解决当代人类面临的资源、灾害和环境等重大问题的重要途径之一。 由于大陆科学钻探对当代经济、社会发展和科学进步具有重大意义,自70年代以来,俄、德、法、日、美和英等国家实施了大陆钻探,取得令人瞩目的科学研究成果,并带动了钻探和相关科学技术的大发展。     

改革农科体制 创新农业科技

<正> 我院是广东省综合性农业科研单位,成立于1956年,下设13个专业研究所和5个中心(公司),在职职工1147人,其中高级职称231人、中级职称255人、博士38人、硕士164人,离退休职工960多人。建有野生稻、甘薯、荔枝、香蕉等4个国家种质资源圃、1个部级、7个省级重点实验室、4个省工程技     

The sustainable development of innovative cities in China: Comprehensive assessment and future configuration

Innovative cities not only constitute an important basis for innovation activities, but also play a strategically critical role in constructing an innovative country, producing new forms of urban development, and fostering urban sustainable development. Currently, China is marching toward the goal of establishing an innovative country by 2020, but in the start-up phase of this process of innovative city construction, the fundamental transition from factor-driven development to innovation-driven development is not being realized. As a result,a wide gap currently exists between China＇s innovative cities and the advanced innovative cities in developed countries. This paper argues that this necessary transition is being constrained by a series of bottlenecks in investment, income, techniques, contributions, and talents. The article takes 287 prefecture-level cities as its object of comprehensive assessment, developing a comprehensive assessment system for innovative cities and devising innovative monitoring system software in order to evaluate the current situation in China＇s innovative city construction. The analysis addresses four key aspects – namely,independent innovation, industrial innovation, living environmental innovation, and institutional innovation – as well as the spatial heterogeneity of the innovative city construction process. The results demonstrate that the level of innovation in Chinese cities is low, and the paper warns that building an innovation-oriented country will, as a consequence,be difficult. Some 87.8% of the cities studied maintained comprehensive levels of innovation that were lower than the national average. The level of comprehensive innovation in a city was found to have close and positive correlation with economic development. The level of the eastern region of China was, in particular, found to be significantly higher than that of the central and western regions. The levels of urban independent innovation, industrial innovation,environmental innovation, and institutional in     

Desorption-diffusion model and lost gas quantity estimation of coalbed methane from coal core under drilling fluid medium

The differences of coalbed methane(CBM) desorption-diffusion from coal drilling-core under various drilling fluid medium are not considered in the present calculating methods of lost CBM quantity,which leads possibly to the inaccuracy of CBM quantity in coal seam.Here we took the desorption of CBM from coal core under drilling fluid medium as a pressure-swing process,and based on the Langmuir equation and Fick-first law,established the desorption-diffusion model and numerical modeling method of lost gas(inc...     

Glacier runoff variation and its influence on river runoff during 1961–2006 in the Tarim River Basin, China

Using monthly precipitation and temperature data from national meteorological stations, 90 m resolution DEM and a digital vector map of modern glaciers from the Chinese Glacier Inventory, the glacier mass balance and glacier runoff in the Tarim River Basin (TRB), China, were estimated based on a monthly degree-day model for 1961–2006. The results suggest that the modified monthly degree-day model can simulate the long-term changes in glacier mass balance and glacier runoff, which have been confirmed by shor...     

Fractal Principle of Mineral Deposit Size Forecasting and Its Implication for Gold Resource Potential Evaluation in China

Mineralization distributions are very heterogeneous in nature. As large or superlarge mineral deposits are quite rare whether in time or in space, it is difficult to detect all the largest mineral deposits in a region in a limited period of time owing to the restriction of technology and exploration degrees-this is called "not all discovered". However, all discovered large, especially superlarge, mineral deposits generally have a complete census in the geological literatures. On the other hand, not all discovered small mineral deposits are recorded in the geological literatures because for economic reasons people have not much interest in them-this is called "not all recorded". This practice often results in the observation truncations, that is, the data points near the two ends in an observable population, which is obtained by fitting a power law size-frequency distribution to discovered mineral deposits in a given region, show concave-down departure from the correlation line fitted. The authors sugges     

ON CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR THE PRODUCT OF THREE MEANS OF THREE NORMALEY DISTRIBUTED POPULATIONS

In many environmental applications,such as exposure assessment and risk modelling,the desiredestimate is a random variable computed as the product of three independently distributed randomvariables.These variables may not necessarily have the same mean and variance.The method for findingthe 100(1-α)% confidence interval for the mean of the product random variable has been proposed bysome practitioners as the product of the 100(1-α)% confidence interval of the three means.In this paperwe show that the distribution of the product of three independent normal random variables is not normal.We find the mean and variance of the product distribution.Further,we show that although the meanof the product is equal to the product of the means,the product of the three confidence intervals is nota good approximation of the confidence intervals for the mean of the product variable.The confidenceinterval of the mean of the product variable may be estimated by computer simulation.An algorithmfor estimating the confidence interval for the mean of the product random variable is given.The programimplementing this algorithm is given as an appendix.     

河流对矿山及矿山开发的水环境地球化学响应——以广西刁江水系为例

矿产资源以其不可再生性和开发利用过程中环境问题的严重性而备受世人关注。广西刁江流域的源头地带是著名的大厂矿区,较典型地反映了矿山资源开发与环境保护之间的对立关系。重点解剖刁江流域矿山及矿山开发的环境响应,探讨水环境响应。结果表明,刁江流域对上游的矿山开发存在着显著的环境响应现象,在距矿区200km以外的下游地带仍然可以观察到这种响应;刁江河水被严重污染,河床上沉积了大量尾砂。严重的水环境污染破坏了河流水生生态系统,曾造成刁江中上游河段鱼虾绝迹。河床上的尾砂沉积范围广、厚度大,重金属As、Pb、Zn、Cd含量非常高,除直接危害了水环境质量外,还造成河道泄洪能力下降和洪水淹没范围的扩大,构成对沿江土壤环境和生态环境的严重威胁。     

高阶统计量方法在地震信号分析中的应用

高阶统计量分析是近20年来国内外信号处理领域的一个前沿课题,广泛应用于所有需要考虑非高斯、非最小相位、有色噪声、非线性或循环平稳性的各类问题中。在地震信号处理方面,应用高阶统计可以消除高斯有色噪声的影响和提取与识别非最小相位子波;基于高阶统计特征的独立分量分析己成为信号处理领域的一个研究热点并应用于地震信号分析中。对高阶统计量的定义和性质以及高阶谱时频分析方法作了介绍,并以此为理论依据,进行了理论模型和实际地震数据的实验。