中国历史地震烈度表研究

在比较分析以往烈度表的基础上,着重增加了社会反响标志;对Ⅹ-Ⅻ度的房屋建筑物和地表现象标志进行了调整与补充,完善了作为12阶烈度表相应的《中国历史地震烈度表》.文中对烈度表的各项标志作了简要说明,并列举了国内外10次历史地震事件的评定实例.本文提出的历史地震烈度表,保持了以往烈度表的适用性与一致性.     

Sources and distributions of tetraether lipids in surface sediments across a large river-dominated continental margin

Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT)-based proxies are increasingly used in modern carbon cycling and palaeoenvironmental investigations. It is therefore crucial to examine the robustness (sources, transport and degradation) of all GDGT-based proxies in continental margins, where sedimentation rates and extent of carbon cycling are high. We have analyzed the distributions of GDGTs in surface sediments from the Lower Yangtze River and East China Sea (ECS) shelf. The results revealed multiple sources and complex shelf processes that govern the distributions. The isoprenoid GDGT-inferred sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are robust and reflect the satellite-derived annual mean SSTs on the shallow ECS shelf, confirming an origin from surface water column-dwelling crenarchaeota. The input from methanogen-sourced, isoprenoid GDGTs is significant in the river surface sediments but they are almost absent from the ECS shelf. Branched GDGTs are also abundant in the river sediments, but ca. 95% are degraded in the Yangtze estuary, a much greater extent than observed for other terrigenous organic matter (OM) proxies. There is also evidence for production of branched GDGTs in the oxic ECS shelf water column and the anoxic sediments/waters of the Lower Yangtze River. As a result, branched GDGT-based proxies in the lower river and ECS surface sediments do not reflect the catchment environmental conditions. The effective degradation in the estuary and widespread aquatic contributions of branched GDGTs improves our understanding of how to use branched GDGT-based proxies in marginal seas.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of Fe<Superscript>3+</Superscript> ions in amethyst: thermodynamic potentials and magnetic susceptibility

Single-crystal and powder electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic studies of natural amethyst quartz, before and after isochronal annealing between 573 and 1,173 K, have been made from 90 to 294 K. Single-crystal EPR spectra confirm the presence of two substitutional Fe³⁺ centers. Powder EPR spectra are characterized by two broad resonance signals at g = ~10.8 and 4.0 and a sharp signal at g = 2.002. The sharp signal is readily attributed to the well-established oxygen vacancy electron center E ₁′. However, the two broad signals do not correspond to any known Fe³⁺ centers in the quartz lattice, but are most likely attributable to Fe³⁺ clusters on surfaces. The absolute numbers of spins of the Fe³⁺ species at g = ~10.8 have been calculated from powder EPR spectra measured at temperatures from 90 to 294 K. These results have been used to extract thermodynamic potentials, including Gibbs energy of activation ΔG, activation energy E _a, entropy of activation ΔS and enthalpy of activation ΔH for the Fe³⁺ species in amethyst. In addition, magnetic susceptibilities (χ) have been calculated from EPR data at different temperatures. A linear relationship between magnetic susceptibility and temperature is consistent with the Curie–Weiss law. Knowledge about the stability and properties of Fe³⁺ species on the surfaces of quartz is important to better understanding of the reactivity, bioavailability and heath effects of iron in silica particles.     

Modelling fluid flow through a single fracture with different contacts using cellular automata

The representation of the surface of a rock fracture and a numerical method to simulate fluid flow in single fractures are the keys to understanding the hydraulic behaviour of rock fractures. In this paper, a cellular automaton (CA) approach is used to generate the single fracture structure, which is assumed to be composed of contacts and voids. We develop a CA evolution rule to produce a contact area, and randomly model a single rock fracture with different contact ratios to reflect natural fracture properties such as dead voids, islands and tortuous flow path. Then, based on the localisation theory of a CA, a numerical method to simulate fluid flow in single fractures with contacts is developed. In this method, the fracture is discretised into a system composed of cell elements. Different apertures, i.e., zero for contacts and non-zero for voids, are assigned to each cell element. Therefore, the contribution of the cell elements in a contact on a cell’s transmissivity can be ignored completely. The local transmissivity is assumed to conform to the cubic law. The fluid flow in a fracture with different contact situations is then modelled using the method established in this paper. The fluid flow path, flow velocity and fluid head distributions as well as the channel flow in the fracture are well-modelled. The flow behaviour of the fracture strongly depends on the effective fluid flow path.     

鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾区块延长组长81储层成岩作用特征及其对储集物性的影响

鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾区块上三叠统延长组长81储层具有成分成熟度低,结构成熟度中等到好的特点,岩性以岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主.长81砂岩属于特低孔特低渗储层,以次生溶蚀粒间孔为主要储集空间.目前储层正处于中成岩阶段A期,主要发育压实、胶结、溶解和交代4种成岩作用类型.机械压实作用是造成长81储层埋深小于2000 m砂岩...     

湖北江陵凹陷深层高温富钾卤水特征及其成因探讨

江汉盆地江陵凹陷深处赋存高温富钾卤水,含卤地层主要是古新统沙市组。富钾卤水的分布受持续的继承性沉降中心(洼陷)、沙市组含盐系、石盐-硫酸盐沉积相的控制,聚集在砂岩、玄武岩、辉绿岩和白云岩等孔隙-裂隙内,裂隙的发育又与局部构造(背斜、盐构造等)枢纽部共轭裂隙带有关。古新世,盐湖已经蒸发浓缩到钙芒硝-石盐阶段,可能短暂达到硫酸镁盐和硫酸钾镁盐阶段。以后,原生的晶间卤水在成岩后期受到玄武岩侵入和高温流体影响,发生变质作用、去镁和去硫酸根作用,同时带入丰富的钾、铷、铯等元素,最后形成了高温富钾卤水。这种成矿过程可称为地下热事件激发成矿机制,值得进一步探讨。     

钱塘江河口区晚第四纪古环境演化及其元素地球化学特征

对钱塘江南岸SE2钻孔沉积物的岩性、粒度、沉积构造、有孔虫和稀土元素进行分析,结果表明,钱塘江河口区晚第四纪以来依次发育河床相、河漫滩相、潮坪相、近岸浅海相和河口湾砂坝相,各沉积相稀土元素分布差异明显.河床相由砂砾、砾质砂和细砂组成,滚动和跳跃组分含量高,缺失有孔虫;稀土元素总量最低,轻稀土富集,轻重稀土分异程度、重稀...     

Resistivity Logs of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Main Hole:Implication for the Crustal Electrical Structure of Dabie-Sulu Terrane,Central-Eastern China

To understand the electrical structure of the Sulu(苏鲁) terrane,we analyzed the resis-tivity logs of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling main hole(CCSD-MH) and obtained the statis-tical characteristics of the resistivity log of ultrahigh-pressure(UHP) metamorphic rocks.To check the logs' quality,we compared the resistivity log data with the core test data.The two datasets show a good coherence.On the whole,the resistivity of the UHP metamorphic rocks from the CCSD-MH is very high(mostly higher than 1...     

Effects of host starvation on the symbiotic dinoflagellates from the sea anemone Stichodactyla mertensii

Many tropical cnidarians, including anemones and corals, contain symbiotic dinoflagellates known as zooxanthellae. Photosynthesis by symbiotic dinoflagellates benefits the animal host and the proficiency of host metabolism also plays an important role in the nutrient status of the photosynthetic dinoflagellates. We aimed to determine the responses of symbiotic dinoflagellates to host starvation. The ultrastructure and some physiological indicators of symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium sp., zooxanthellae) were examined in starved sea anemones (Stichodactyla mertensii; 3‐, 45‐ and 280‐day starvation). The cell size of zooxanthellae was not affected by starving the host; however, the ultrastructure and other physiological indicators of the zooxanthellae were affected. The photochemical efficiency of symbiotic dinoflagellates from anemones after 280 days of starvation was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that of symbiotic dinoflagellates from anemones after 3‐ and 45‐day starvation. The number of symbiotic dinoflagellates from anemones decreased with increasing starvation duration. Generally, the chlorophyll a and c content of symbiotic dinoflagellates decreased significantly with longer anemone starvation. The tentacles of 3‐day starved anemones contained the most zooxanthellae, some of which were dividing and still enclosed within one periplast, and some had split entirely within one host vacuole. Moreover, each cell from 3‐day starved anemone contained up to five or six more mitochondria than those from 45‐ to 280‐day starved anemones. More lipid granules appeared in the zooxanthellae from 45‐ to 280‐day starved anemones. Pyrenoids, lobed accumulation bodies and calcium oxalate crystals existed in the symbiotic dinoflagellates from anemones at different starvation stages, which suggested that their existence had no correlation with host starvation. These findings contribute to an improved mechanistic understanding of the symbiotic relationship between zooxanthellae and anemones.     

Cloning and characterization of a delta-6 desaturase encoding gene from Nannochloropsis oculata

A gene(NANOC-D6D) encoding a desaturase that removes two hydrogen atoms from fatty acids at delta 6 position was isolated from a cDNA library of Nannochloropsis oculata(Droop) D.J.Hibberd(Eustigmatophyceae).The unicellular marine microalga N.oculata synthesizes rich long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids(LCPUFAs),including eicosapentaenoic acid(20:5n-3,EPA).The deduced protein contains 474 amino acids that fold into 4 trans-membrane domains.The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree indicates that NANOC-D6D is ...