Using social media data to understand and assess disasters

This paper contributes to the understanding of disasters from the perspective of social media activities. We develop a measure based on Twitter activities that can be used to quantify the evolution of disasters and thus demonstrate temporal–spatial patterns of Twitter activities particularly near the coastline and in large urban areas during Hurricane Sandy. We also show a close relationship between hurricane damages and Twitter activities. Our findings suggest the potential of using social media activities for rapid damage assessment.     

Experimental study of the effect of roughness and Reynolds number on fluid flow in rough‐walled single fractures: a check of local cubic law

Local cubic law (LCL) is one of the most commonly applied physical laws for flow in single fractures (SF) and fractured media. The foundation of LCL is Darcian flow. This experimental study examines if LCL is valid for flow in a single rough fracture and how the fracture roughness and Reynolds number (Re) affect flow. Similar to the Moody diagram for flow in pipes, a diagram for flow in a single rough fracture has been generated to relate the friction coefficient with Re and the roughness. Under the experimental condition of this study, flow appears to be substantially different from Darcian flow. The flow law of q ∝ eⁿJ^m appears to be valid for describing the flow scheme where q, e, and J are the unit width flux, the average aperture, and the hydraulic gradient. The value of the power index m is found to be around 0·83 ～ 0·98, less than what has been used in Darcian flow (m = 1). The power index n is around 11·2 and 13·0, much greater than the n value used in the LCL (n = 3), and it increases with the average velocity. The Moody type of diagram shows that the friction factor for flow in SFs is influenced by Re and the roughness. It decreases with Re when Re is small, and becomes less sensitive to Re when Re is large enough. It also increases with the roughness. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汶川MS8.0地震前四川地区前兆异常及其统计分析

研究了2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震前四川地区观测到的各种异常．异常项与所有测项(或测站、台、场地、井点、泉点)之比称为异常测项（测点）比,以下类同. 地震前四川地区流动短水准观测存在中长期趋势异常的场地比为0.28,异常测项比为0.20;流动短基线存在中期趋势异常的场地比为0.13,异常测项比为0.13;地倾斜类观测存在中期趋势异常的台站比0.17,异常测项比为0.13;地下水位观测存在中期趋势异常的水位井点比为0.20;温泉观测存在水温短期异常的泉点比为0.15;温泉水氡、气氡观测存在短期异常的台点比为0.08,异常测项比为0.04;井泉水质组分观测存在短期异常的台点比为0.20,异常测项比为0.04;视电阻率观测存在中期异常的台站比为0.17, 异常测项比为0.06．对同一观测台或场地有不同观测手段,分别计算了台或场地数:四川地区在汶川8.0级地震前各类观测台或场地共有172个,存在观测异常台或场地比为0.14,其中出现中期与短期异常场地比分别是0.08和0.03;各类观测项共有335项,异常测项比为0.09,其中出现中期与短期异常测项的占比分别是0.06和0.01．可见,震前仪器微观监测台或测项多数没有观测到突出异常现象．本文中其它没有提及的观测手段或观测项的资料,经过研究没有分析检测出异常项．      

卫星导风在台风路径预报中的应用进展

台风作为全球危害巨大的自然灾害,对其路径预报的准确度尤为重要.在常规观测资料稀少的热带洋面上,卫星云图是监测热带气旋的主要工具,其中卫星导风技术,通过对云及晴空区特征的追踪,反演出的卫星风矢,在一定程度上弥补了海洋上由于风场观测资料稀缺对台风路径研究的限制,显著提高了台风路径预报水平.结合近年来逐步成熟的卫星导风中的云导风技术在台风预报上的应用,总结了国内云导风技术在改善台风路径预报中的贡献,如加密观测资料、台风中心定位、优化数值模式初始场和客观分析场、构造人造台风Bogus模型以及由其揭示的发展和不发展热带气旋的对流层上部环流特征,同时展望了卫星导风技术及其资料在台风预报实际应用中有待进一步研究的内容.     

做好市县气象社会管理工作的思考

通过对当前气象社会管理存在的一些问题的分析,理清气象社会管理的目的和职能,提出了强化气象社会管理工作的措施.     

pRPL 2.0: Improving the Parallel Raster Processing Library

This article presents an improved p arallel R aster P rocessing L ibrary – pRPL version 2.0. Since the release of version 1.0, a series of modifications has been made in pRPL to improve its usability, flexibility, and performance. While retaining some of the key features of pRPL, the new version has gained several new features: (1) a new DataManager class has been added for integrated data management, and to facilitate data decomposition, assignment mapping, data distribution, Transition execution, and load‐balancing; (2) a GDAL‐based raster data I/O mechanism has been added to support various geospatial raster data formats, and provide centralized and pseudo parallel I/O modes; and (3) a static load‐balancing mode and a dynamic load‐balancing mode using the task‐farming technique are provided. A parallel zonal statistics tool and a parallel Cellular Automata model were developed to demonstrate the usability and performance of pRPL 2.0. The experiments using the California datasets showed that the performance altered when different pRPL options (i.e. load‐balancing mode, I/O mode and writer mode) were used for different algorithms, datasets, and varying numbers of processes.     

地磁日变观测仪器的对比分析

当前海洋磁力探测中为了消除或减小地磁日变化的影响,必须设立地磁日变观测站（简称日变站）测量磁场变化,提供日变校正资料。依据多年工作经验,对作为基站使用的G882磁力仪和Sentinel磁力仪在工作原理、仪器技术性能、工作使用体会等方面进行综合比较分析。结果表明,Sentinel磁力仪比G882磁力仪对环境适应性更好、灵活性更强,进行日变观测时应优先选用。     

洋际交换及其在全球大洋环流中的作用:MOM4p1积分1400年的结果

利用非Boussinesq近似下MOM4p1的全球大洋环流预后模式,采用真实地形,以静止状态为初始条件,进行了1 400a积分,以研究平衡状态下大洋环流的结构。模式由月平均气候态强迫场驱动,包括192×189个水平网格和压力坐标下的31个垂直层次。着重研究达到平衡状态后,各洋际通道处的质量、热量输运和补偿及其在全球大洋环流中的作用。根据动能演变特征表明,积分过程分为3个阶段:风海流的成长及准稳定状态;热盐环流的成长过程以及热盐环流的稳定状态;由静止状态冷启动达到热盐环流的稳定状态,积分过程必须在千年以上。模式结果再现了从白令海峡到格陵兰海的北冰洋贯穿流和印度尼西亚贯穿流,并用已有观测资料对它们进行对比。分析表明,海面的倾斜结构是形成太平洋-北冰洋-大西洋贯穿流和印尼贯穿流的主要动力机制。分析指出,尽管在北大西洋存在1.4×106 m3/s的南向体积输运,但其热量输运却是北向的并达到1015 W量级,其原因是北向的上层海流温度远高于北大西洋深层水向南的回流。文章分析了经向体积和热量输运对北大西洋深层水补偿来源及大西洋经向翻转环流的贡献。模拟所得洋际交换的量值可以由经向补偿予以合理解释,并得到以往实测与数模结果的支持。洋际通道处的体积和热量交换突出体现了其在大洋传送带系统中的枢纽作用。     

南海珠江口盆地深部烃类微渗漏的分子地球化学揭示

对南海珠江口盆地Site4B站位柱状沉积物可溶有机质中正构烷烃进行详细分析,结果显示海底以下65~70cm、80~85cm和85~90cm存在明显的似成熟烃类分布。在气相色谱质谱图上(GCMS),该处存在明显的UCM分布;在烃类分布上,该处以可溶有机质中高碳数正构烷烃奇偶优势趋于消失为特征,CPI为1.15~1.45。同时,整个剖面其他层段沉积有机质中可溶烃类仍以典型的近/现代沉积有机质输入为标志。结合区域地质背景,以及该区域天然气水合物的勘探发现事实,推断Site4B站位海底以下65~70cm、80~85cm和85~90cm烃类异常可能系深部烃类微渗漏所致。     

Assessment of the initial sea surface temperature product of the scanning microwave radiometer aboard on HY-2 satellite

HY-2 satellite is the first satellite for dynamic environmental parameters measurement of China,which was launched on 16th August 2011.A scanning microwave radiometer（RM） is carried for sea surface temperature（SST）,sea surface wind speed,columnar water vapor and columnar cloud liquid water detection.In this paper,the initial SST product of RM was validated with in-situ data of National Data of Buoy Center（NDBC） mooring and Argo buoy.The validation results indicate the accuracy of RM SST is better than 1.7 C.The comparison of RM SST and WindSat SST shows the former is warmer than the latter at high sea surface wind speed and the difference between these SSTs is depend on the sea surface wind speed.Then,the relationship between the errors of RM SST and sea surface wind speed was analyzed using NDBC mooring measurements.Based on the results of assessment and errors analysis,the suggestions of taking account of the affection of sea surface wind speed and using sea surface wind speed and direction derived from the microwave scatteromter aboard on HY-2 for SST product calibration were given for retrieval algorithm improvement.