北山构造带南部上地壳二维初至波层析成像

花海盆地—北山构造带南部位于青藏高原东北缘以北地区,是特提斯洋和古亚洲洋两大构造域的交接部位,自新元古代晚期以来经历了多期次、多阶段的板块裂解-俯冲-碰撞-拼合的演化历史,尤其是中生代以来的逆冲推覆和走滑作用,以及受新生代以来印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应影响,导致青藏高原东北缘的向北扩展,形成了现今复杂的地质地貌结构。其地壳结构记录了多期构造作用的叠加,上地壳结构更是促进我们理解青藏高原东北缘向外的扩展机制及其对周缘块体的改造作用的天然记录本。本文利用2018年中国地质科学院在北山构造带南部完成的180 km深反射地震剖面的初至波(Pg震相)数据,通过层析成像反演方法,获得了花海盆地—北山构造带4 km深度范围内的上地壳P波速度结构。其主要特征为:花海盆地、总口子盆地和扎格高脑盆地均表现为较低的速度和较小的垂向速度梯度;研究区内的晚古生代花岗岩体具有明显的高速异常和较大的垂向速度梯度特征;左行走滑的阿尔金断裂带在花海盆地内表现为向北倾的高角度走滑性质,深度至少切穿花海盆地基底;北山南缘断裂带的推测隐伏区呈现速度等值线下凹的低速异常特征。同时,反演揭示的多处低速异常区指示了北山构造带南部的多处断层发育情况。     

二维初至波层析成像揭示的北祁连—阿拉善南缘浅层地壳结构

北祁连造山带—阿拉善南缘位于青藏高原东北缘及其以北地区, 其地壳结构记录了早古生代以来祁连山、河西走廊盆地、合黎山及相邻盆地之间的盆山演化历史及耦合关系, 对其地壳浅层速度结构的探测有助于揭示该区浅层地壳结构及构造变形的演化历史。本文利用北祁连—阿拉善南缘225 km长的深反射地震剖面的初至波(Pg震相)数据, 通过层析成像反演方法, 获得了沿线2 km以浅的上地壳P波速度结构。其主要特征为: 酒东盆地的沉积盖层厚度最大可达2 km, 盆地深度的南北差异可能与阿拉善地块与祁连造山带间的挤压作用相关; 民乐盆地的平均深度为1.5 km, 该盆地内的速度等值线弯曲形态反映了盆地在新生代之后不同的抬升和剥蚀速率; 银额盆地的沉积厚度至少在1.5 km左右, 且盆地内沉积地层产状较为平缓; 榆木山构造带南北两侧的酒东盆地与民乐盆地虽然地表高程相差近1 km, 但具有近乎相同的速度结构和沉积厚度, 推断榆木山构造带的隆升与其南北两侧的两个断层背冲作用有关; 此外, 反演得到的P波速度结构揭示了沿线发育的多条断裂和块体边界位置, 为讨论青藏高原东北缘向北扩展与阿拉善地块挤压作用提供了新的证据。     

深圳地区季节风特征研究

本研究利用深圳地区8个沿海、陆地自动气象站2007年6月1日至2017年6月1日11年的小时风速观测数据,按不同季节对各站历史阵风观测进行特征分析研究,并计算比较各站的阵风系数。结果表明,沿海气象自动站四季风力观测普遍高于陆地自动站的风力;8个气象台站在夏、秋季受台风影响的最大阵风大于冬春之际受冷空气影响的最大阵风。各台站中,距离海岸最近的港口码头气象站,盐田港、妈湾港、蛇口码头具有最小的阵风系数;随着离海岸距离的增加,气象站的阵风系数变大,即距海岸线远的气象站的大风更具阵性特点。各台站中背仔角与盐田港是大风记录最为频繁的气象站,历史上受台风影响下的最大阵风达到了12级以上,最大平均风分别达到了9级和10级。进一步的大风个例分析结果表明,相比较台风、冷空气条件下的大风,深圳地区强对流天气引发大风更具有阵性的特征,大风发生地点更随机。本研究可以为不同季节条件下深圳地区的风力预测和风险评估提供指导。     

含水层非均质性不同刻画方法对地下水流和溶质运移预测的影响

为探讨含水层非均质性不同刻画方法对地下水流和溶质运移预测的影响,基于非均质含水层砂箱实验,分别用传统等效均质模型、克立金插值和水力层析刻画含水层渗透系数场,并探讨了先验信息对水力层析结果的影响.将不同方法估算的渗透系数场用以预测地下水流和溶质运移过程,以此判断不同方法估算结果的优劣,分析含水层非均质性对地下水流和溶质运移的影响.结果表明:与克立金插值法相比,水力层析法可以更好地刻画含水层非均质性,较准确地预测地下水流和溶质运移过程;钻孔岩心渗透系数样本值作为先验信息可以提高水力层析法估算结果的精度;传统等效均质模型无法准确预测地下水流和溶质运移过程.含水层非均质性的增强将导致溶质污染羽分布形态和运移路径的空间变异性增强,并且优势通道直接决定溶质的分布及运移路径.      

南海东北部陆坡天然气水合物区的滑塌和泥火山活动

本文研究了南海东北部陆坡天然气水合物区滑塌和泥火山活动的特征及表现形式,探讨了滑塌和泥火山活动对天然气水合物成藏的影响,提出了滑塌主导和滑塌、泥火山共同作用两种控制模式。根据地震数据、浅层剖面和海底地形数据解释,将研究区划分为规则滑塌区和泥火山活动影响区,并识别出泥火山、泥火山脊、凹槽、凹坑等特征地形。滑塌和泥火山活动是陆坡天然气水合物发育区重要的地形控制因素,两种活动共同作用产生复杂的地形特征。综合多条地震测线中似海底反射层(BSR)形态、连续性和滑塌、泥火山活动的关系,认为滑塌控制的区域,BSR连续,天然气水合物储藏较完整,泥火山活动区天然气水合物储藏也仅受到局部破坏。同时指出滑塌和泥火山活动对研究区长期天然气渗漏活动具有重要作用。     

Exploring the Moon's surface for remnants of the lunar mantle 1. Dunite xenoliths in mare basalts. A crustal or mantle origin?

Remotely sensed observations from recent missions (e.g., GRAIL, Kaguya, Chandrayaan‐1) have been interpreted as indicating that the deep crust and upper mantle are close to or at the lunar surface in many large impact basins (e.g., Crisium, Apollo, Moscoviense). If this is correct, the capability of either impact or volcanic processes to transport mantle lithologies to the lunar surface should be enhanced in these regions. Somewhat problematic to these observations and interpretations is that examples of mantle lithologies in the lunar sample collection (Apollo Program, Luna Program, lunar meteorites) are at best ambiguous. Dunite xenoliths in high‐Ti mare basalt 74275 are one of these ambiguous examples. In this high‐Ti mare basalt, olivine occurs in three generations: olivine associated with dunite xenoliths, olivine megacrysts, and olivine microphenocrysts. The dunite xenoliths are anhedral in shape and are generally greater than 800 μm in diameter. The interior of the xenoliths are fairly homogeneous with regard to many divalent cations. For example, the Mg# (Mg/Mg + Fe × 100) ranges from 82 to 83 in their interiors and decreases from 82 to 68 over the 10–30 μm wide outer rim. Titanium and phosphorus X‐ray maps of the xenolith illustrate that these slow diffusing elements preserve primary cumulate zoning textures. These textures indicate that the xenoliths consist of many individual olivine grains approximately 150–200 μm in diameter with low Ti, Al, and P cores. These highly incompatible elements are enriched in the outer Fe‐rich rims of the xenoliths and slightly enriched in the rims of the individual olivine grains. Highly compatible elements in olivine such as Ni exhibit a decrease in the rim surrounding the xenolith, an increase in the incompatible element depleted cores of the individual olivine grains, and a slight decrease in the “interior rims” of the individual olivine grains. Inferred melt composition, liquid lines of descent, and zoning profiles enable the reconstruction of the petrogenesis of the dunite xenoliths. Preservation of primary magmatic zoning (Ti, P, Al) and lack of textures similar to high‐pressure mineral assemblages exhibited by the Mg‐suite (Shearer et al. 2015) indicate that these xenoliths do not represent deep crustal or shallow mantle lithologies. Further, they are chemically and mineralogically distinct from Mg‐suite dunites identified from the Apollo 17 site. More likely, they represent olivine cumulates that crystallized from a low‐Ti mare basalt at intermediate to shallow crustal levels. The parent basalt to the dunite xenolith lithology was more primitive than low‐Ti basalts thus far returned from the Moon. Furthermore, this parental magma and its more evolved daughter magmas are not represented in the basalt sample suite returned from the Taurus‐Littrow Valley by the Apollo 17 mission. The dunite xenolith records several episodes of crystallization and re‐equilibration. During the last episode of re‐equilibration, the dunite cumulate was sampled by the 74275 high‐Ti basalt and transported over a period of 30–70 days to the lunar surface.     

Understanding Today's Online GIS User Through the Lens of a WorldMap Survey

WorldMap is an open source online mapping application which aims to lower barriers for scholars who wish to visualize, analyze, organize, present, and publish mapped information. In late 2013, 290 respondents among the 8,000 registered users participated in an online survey in which they described their activities, purposes, experiences, and preferences regarding the system. Participants also described their professional background, GIS skill level, age, gender, and country of work. This study analyzes the results of the survey, by summarizing the responses to each question independently and by examining the relationships and dependencies of these answers across the different questions to try to better understand why users responded the way they did. The study is based on the user‐centered design (UCD) approach. We aim to use the survey results to improve our understanding of user demographics and needs. Findings from this study will be used to guide WorldMap improvements, and we hope the findings will also shed light on the broader requirements of online GIS users.     

基于WebGIS的江西省山洪灾害预报系统设计与应用

针对南方丘陵多雨地区山洪灾害防御需求,采用B/S三层体系结构设计了基于WebGIS技术和水文预报模型的江西省山洪灾害预报系统。系统提供山洪灾害实时预报、临近预报和短期预报山洪灾害风险产品,发布山洪灾害风险等级、基础地理信息等数据,实现了地图浏览、GIS基本操作、图层管理、数据查询等功能。预报时效检验表明系统预报结果较山洪灾害实际发生时间提前3 h以上,并在2009年7月2—3日赣州地区一次山洪过程进行模拟,能够准确预报出山洪风险等级,应用效果良好。     

西藏突发事件应急处置地理信息平台建设

本文针对突发事件应急处置平台数据库的复杂性及业务特性,结合西藏自治区突发事件应急处置地理信息平台对数据库的需求,设计了基于网络功能的数据库建库方案,整合多源数据,应用三维地理信息系统技术,以二维、三维联动方式实现地理信息的展示发布。     

我国农民收入时空差异的地域与因子结构双重解析

根据泰尔系数和基尼系数可按地域和收入来源进行分解的特性,对我国1997—2009年间各省份农民收入时空差异进行地域和因子结构双重解析。结果表明,省际间农民收入呈小幅波动增大态势;三大地带内差异是构成农民收入差异的主导部分,尤其是中部地带内省际间差异和贡献居首要地位;因子结构分解则显示工资性收入对总体非均衡程度的贡献最高。着力加快中、西部地区的工业化、城镇化进程,推进农业剩余劳动力向城镇转移或向非农产业转移,提升其工资性收入水平,并从政策、财政和科技等方面支持落后地区加快发展家庭经营是缓解农村地区省际收入差距并促进农村经济区域协调发展的有效途径。