A laboratory study of directional spectra with maximum likelihood method-Ⅰ Developing wind wave

measurements by a circular array consisting of 18 wave gauges in a large wave tank, directional spectra of wind-generated waves in deep water are systematically determined by using maximum likelihood method The investigations reveal that the angular spreading of the wave energy is consistent with cos^2s(θ/2) proposed by Longuet-Higgins et al.(1963, Ocean Wave Spectra, 111-136), if the bimodal distributions of wave energy are not taken into account. Bimodality occurring on higher frequency than peak frequency is too rare to affect our whole resalts. Surprisingly, a much broader directional spreading than that of the field, which is interpreted by the strongly nonlinear energy transfer because of the very young waves in laboratory, is found. The parameter s depends on frequency in the same way as observed by Mitsuyasu et al.(1975, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 5, 750-760) and Hasselmann et al.(1980, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 10, 1264-1280) in the field, and the relationship between the four nondimensional parameters s_m, f_o, b₁ and b₂, determining the directional width, and ū₁₀ (corresponding to the inverse of wave age) are given respectively. The observed distributions are found to agree well with the suggestion of Donelan et al.(1985, Philosophical Transaction of Royal Society of London, A315, 509-562) when applied to field waves.     

新生大鼠海马神经元体外分散培养技术研究

在实验室建立了分散的新生大鼠海马神经细胞体外培养模型。该模型属原代培养,在体外能直接观察神经元的生长发育。研究表明：该模型稳定性好,差异性小;培养神经细胞可存活１个月以上,１４ｄ左右细胞生长最为丰满,且四周晕光明显,神经突起多而粗大,分枝互成网络;１４ｄ以后生长减缓。由于在此模型培养的条件下,既不存在血脑屏障问题,又容易控制条件,便于在细胞和分子水平上深入研究神经细胞的形态学、生理学、生化代谢及药理学等方面的问题,特别适合在体外进行神经药理学的研究。     

免疫多糖对栉孔扇贝酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

在栉孔扇贝的血清、血细胞和肝脏提取液中均发现有酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）、碱性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性,其中,ＡＣＰ和ＡＬＰ在肝脏中的活性最高。采用１．０％的虫草多糖或海藻多糖作为免疫药物,对栉孔扇贝进行注射刺激后,发现血清中的ＡＣＰ、ＡＬＰ和ＳＯＤ活性有显著提高,血细胞中的ＡＣＰ和ＳＯＤ活性也有所增加,而肝脏提取液的这三种酶活性的变化不很明显。研究认为这两种多糖具有增强栉孔扇贝免疫活性的作用,在水产养殖业中有一定的开发价值。     

湖泊和水库营养灰色聚类分析

选取浮游植物初级产量、浮游植物现存量、有机物耗氧量、总氮、无机氮、总磷、活性磷等七项指标,由德尔菲法确定各指标的类别界限值和权重,用灰色系统理论的定权灰色聚类方法,借用计算机对23个湖泊和水库营养类型主要参数作灰色聚类分析,以建立一种划分我国湖泊和水库营养类型的有效方法,作为渔业生产的依据。     

基于数据挖掘探析吴力群治疗儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘的用药规律

目的：基于数据挖掘分析吴力群教授治疗儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）的用药规律。方法：收集吴教授门诊的63 例CVA患儿的处方信息,对中药进行频数描述性分析、关联规则分析、聚类分析及复杂网络分析。结果：共纳入192首中药处方,涉及135味药物,其中频次≥77次的中药有11味,前3味依次为炒莱菔子、生甘草、瓜蒌。关联规则15条,置信度最高的关联规则为茯苓-白芥子,炒莱菔子-白芥子,炒莱菔子-葶苈子,炒莱菔子-地龙、辛夷,黄芪-太子参、炒白术,胆南星-海浮石、橘红,瓜蒌-桑白皮、胆南星等;支持度最高的关联规则为炒莱菔子-苦杏仁,炒莱菔子-茯苓,瓜蒌-苦杏仁,炒莱菔子-银柴胡,炒莱菔子-辛夷等。聚类分析得到3类药物。复杂网络分析显示,法半夏、陈皮、炒莱菔子、瓜蒌、甘草、苦杏仁、胆南星、茯苓、蜜紫菀等20味中药之间的关联程度最高。结论：吴教授治疗儿童CVA用药味数较少、用药种类较为集中,常用处方为加味六安煎加减。     

2022年墨西哥米却肯州7.6级地震序列的触发关系及发震动力学探讨

2022年9月19日墨西哥米却肯州发生M_W7.6地震,该地震位于北美板块与科科斯板块交汇处。为进一步研究本次地震对周围断层和后续地震的影响,剖析该地震的孕震背景和发生条件,首先使用包括USGS在内的多个国外地震机构得到的墨西哥M_W7.6地震以及后续的两次M_W＞5.0地震的震源机制解,分别计算出震源机制中心解,然后通过计算主震产生库伦破裂应力变化来研究本次地震对后续两次地震的触发作用,最后收集了1976年1月1日至2022年5月31日发生在本次地震附近的M_W≥4.9的29条震源机制解数据,反演该地区的构造应力场,并模拟在局部构造及其作用下产生的各种断层形状及相对正应力和剪应力的分布情况。研究结果表明:①震源机制中心解表明主震和6.8级余震为逆冲型地震,而5.8级余震的震源机制为正断型地震; ②本次地震对5.8级和6.8级余震的库伦破裂力变化均超过0.01MPa的阈值,表明这两次强余震可能是在主震的触发下发生的; ③震源区应力场的主压应力轴为NNE-SSW向,主张应力轴近乎垂直。本地震序列的断层破裂近乎沿应力场的最大剪应力平面发生,最大限度地释放了构造运动积累的应力。     

地震台站空隙角对地震定位精度的影响

利用四川测震台网记录的芦山余震资料,选取20个M≥2.5地震,以Loc3D(川滇)定位方法定位结果为标准。采用MSDP中常用定位方法(HypoSAT、HYP2000、LocSAT、单纯型),在人为增减台站情况下,使得台站空隙角在25°—320°范围内任意变化,采用相同震相和相同台站对选定的地震事件进行定位,并对定位结果与标准结果对比,结果表明:震中位置在台站空隙角25°—130°任意变化时,4种定位方法效果较好,差别不大;在空隙角达到130°时,震中位移具有随着空隙角增大而逐步变大趋势;在空隙角达到190°时,单纯型法震中位移明显加大,出现随机突跳现象。总体而言,LocSAT法定位效果较好,平均震中位移2.6 km,HYP2000法平均震中位移2.8 km,HypoSAT平均震中位移4.1 km,单纯型定位效果较差,平均震中位移10.3 km。     

Time-lag effects of vegetation responses to soil moisture evolution: a case study in the Xijiang basin in South China

The time-lag effects of droughts on vegetation responses vary significantly across a large-scale river basin. The spatio-temporal response characteristics obtained are important for decision making processes on the allocation and transportation of regional water resources in mitigating drought impacts. Here we consider the Xijiang (West River) basin in South China as a case study, which has experienced severe drought events since the beginning of the 21st century. A threshold level approach is employed to identify the major drought events over the basin in the first decade of this century. The vegetation responses to land soil water evolution are examined, particularly for the severe drought events occurred. The time-lag effects of the vegetation responses within the basin range within 0–96 days. The lower reaches of the headwater sub-basins in the west part of the Xijiang basin are identified as the regions with short time-lag effects. The enhanced vegetation index (EVI) shows consistent responses to the soil water evolution in conjunction with the climate aridity in this area, which is the drought-vulnerable area in the Xijiang basin.     

Mesozoic mafic magmatism in North China: Implications for thinning and destruction of cratonic lithosphere

The North China Craton (NCC) has been thinned from >200 km to <100 km in its eastern part. The ancient subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) has been replaced by the juvenile SCLM in the Meoszoic. During this period, the NCC was destructed as indicated by extensive magmatism in the Early Cretaceous. While there is a consensus on the thinning and destruction of cratonic lithosphere in North China, it has been hotly debated about the mechanism of cartonic destruction. This study attempts to provide a resolution to current debates in the view of Mesozoic mafic magmatism in North China. We made a compilation of geochemical data available for Mesozoic mafic igneous rocks in the NCC. The results indicate that these mafic igneous rocks can be categorized into two series, manifesting a dramatic change in the nature of mantle sources at ~121 Ma. Mafic igneous rocks emplaced at this age start to show both oceanic island basalts (OIB)-like trace element distribution patterns and depleted to weakly enriched Sr-Nd isotope compositions. In contrast, mafic igneous rocks emplaced before and after this age exhibit both island arc basalts (IAB)-like trace element distribution patterns and enriched Sr-Nd isotope compositions. This difference indicates a geochemical mutation in the SCLM of North China at ~121 Ma. Although mafic magmatism also took place in the Late Triassic, it was related to exhumation of the deeply subducted South China continental crust because the subduction of Paleo-Pacific slab was not operated at that time. Paleo-Pacific slab started to subduct beneath the eastern margin of Eruasian continent since the Jurrasic. The subducting slab and its overlying SCLM wedge were coupled in the Jurassic, and slab dehydration resulted in hydration and weakening of the cratonic mantle. The mantle sources of ancient IAB-like mafic igneous rocks are a kind of ultramafic metasomatites that were generated by reaction of the cratonic mantle wedge peridotite not only with aqueous solutions derived from dehydration of the subducting Paleo-Pacific oceanic crust in the Jurassic but also with hydrous melts derived from partial melting of the subducting South China continental crust in the Triassic. On the other hand, the mantle sources of juvenile OIB-like mafic igneous rocks are also a kind of ultramafic metasomatites that were generated by reaction of the asthenospheric mantle underneath the North China lithosphere with hydrous felsic melts derived from partial melting of the subducting Paleo-Pacific oceanic crust. The subducting Paleo-Pacific slab became rollback at ~144 Ma. Afterwards the SCLM base was heated by laterally filled asthenospheric mantle, leading to thinning of the hydrated and weakened cratonic mantle. There was extensive bimodal magmatism at 130 to 120 Ma, marking intensive destruction of the cratonic lithosphere. Not only the ultramafic metasomatites in the lower part of the cratonic mantle wedge underwent partial melting to produce mafic igneous rocks showing negative ε_Nd(t) values, depletion in Nb and Ta but enrichment in Pb, but also the lower continent crust overlying the cratonic mantle wedge was heated for extensive felsic magmatism. At the same time, the rollback slab surface was heated by the laterally filled asthenospheric mantle, resulting in partial melting of the previously dehydrated rocks beyond rutile stability on the slab surface. This produce still hydrous felsic melts, which metasomatized the overlying asthenospheric mantle peridotite to generate the ultramafic metasomatites that show positive ε_Nd(t) values, no depletion or even enrichment in Nb and Ta but depletion in Pb. Partial melting of such metasomatites started at ~121 Ma, giving rise to the mafic igneous rocks with juvenile OIB-like geochemical signatures. In this context, the age of ~121 Ma may terminate replacement of the ancient SCLM by the juvenile SCLM in North China. Paleo-Pacific slab was not subducted to the mantle transition zone in the Mesozoic as revealed by modern seismic tomography, and it was subducted at a low angle since the Jurassic, like the subduction of Nazca Plate beneath American continent. This flat subduction would not only chemically metasomatize the cratonic mantle but also physically erode the cratonic mantle. Therefore, the interaction between Paleo-Pacific slab and the cratonic mantle is the first-order geodynamic mechanism for the thinning and destruction of cratonic lithosphere in North China.     

基于ArcEngine的土地利用数据研究

作为土地资源调查工作主要成果的土地利用现状图,主要为反映土地利用的特点和利用的合理程度,改良土地利用方式并进一步挖掘土地潜力提供科学依据。目前土地利用数据由大比例尺向中小比例尺转换工作主要由手工操作或是基于商用软件包进行;由于手工操作环节多,工作量大、所耗周期长、技术性强、作业人员的干扰因素多,较易产生误差和错误;而商用软件包在进行土地利用数据制图综合的过程中则缺乏相关的知识规则。本文以此问题为出发点进行研究,结合土地利用数据制图综合理论体系,在ArcEngine环境下对土地利用制图综合规则及操作进行开发,生成土地利用数据制图综合模块;利用实例数据对土地利用数据制图综合模块的功能进行检验,实验结果显著地克服了手工操作中的缺点,并使综合制图的自动化体系得到完善。