1981—2020年贵州省降雪时空分布特征

利用1981—2020年贵州省降雪日数、初始日期、终止日期资料,分析了贵州降雪的气候特征,以及降雪日数与海拔高度、纬度的关系。结果表明：1） 贵州降雪日数西北多、南少,大值中心位于贵州西北部;降雪日数整体偏少,呈逐渐减小的趋势,2012年为突变点,整体上降雪日数每10 a减少1.6 d。降雪从11月开始出现,持续到次年3月,主要集中在冬季;开始时间集中在08—10时和20—21时;降雪具有明显的间歇性特征,降雪天气过程中仅发生1次降雪的占全部降雪过程的48.1%,主要在贵州南部,持续3 d及以上的过程集中在贵州中北部。2） 降雪初始日期集中在12、1月,最早11月;终止日期集中在2、3月,最晚4月。贵州中北部开始降雪多为12月,终止降雪多为2月;南部初始多为1月,终止降雪多为1—2月。贵州中北部降雪期更长,开始到结束间隔约为60—129 d,而南部大部为40 d以下,全省平均54 d。3） 降雪日数随着海拔高度每升高100 m增加2.3 d,纬度每增加1°增加11.4 d。     

Extremum solutions to the limit equilibrium method subjected to physical admissibility

In the slope stability analysis, the interslice force calculated by the method of slices is the internal force of the slope in the limit equilibrium state, which is vital to the design of reinforcement. However, none of the existing methods can guarantee a priori the interslice force is reasonable. Starting from the global analysis procedure, an optimization problem for maximizing the factor of safety is posed under the constraints that the system of forces in the sliding body is physically admissible. In the problem, both the factor of safety and the normal stress along the slip surface are taken as the independent variables. With weak nonlinearity and no numerical problems inherent in the methods of slices, the optimization problem can be solved by those conventional optimization techniques. No assumption is made regarding the interslice forces, but the system of forces from the optimization problem is physically admissible. To bracket the factor of safety, meanwhile, the minimum of the factor of safety is calculated through a minimization process under the same constraints as the maximization process. It is illustrated that for smooth slip surfaces, the solutions to the maximum and the minimum almost coincide, and for non-smooth slip surfaces, the interval of the solution is very narrow.     

Coastal Wetlands of China: Changes from the 1970s to 2007 Based on a New Wetland Classification System

A new classification of coastal wetlands along the coast of China has been generated that is compatible with the Ramsar Convention of 1971. The coastal wetlands have been divided into two broad categories with overall nine subcategories. On this basis, a series of coastal wetland maps, together covering the coast of mainland China, have been produced based on topographic maps acquired in the 1970s and satellite images acquired in 2007. These document substantial wetland losses over this period. In the 1970s, the total coastal wetland area in China was 5.76?×?10⁴?km², whereas in 2007, it was 5.36?×?10⁴?km², indicating a loss of 7 %. Over this approximately 40-year period, the area of natural coastal wetlands decreased from 5.74?×?10⁴ to 5.09?×?10⁴?km², while that of artificial coastal wetlands increased from 240 to 2,740 km². Due to shoreline and sea-level changes, newly formed coastal wetlands amounted to 2,460 km², while coastal wetland loss amounted to 6,310 km² in the period from the 1970s to 2007. When excluding shallow coastal waters (depths between 0 and ?5 m), nearly 16 % of Chinese coastal wetlands have been lost between the 1970s and 2007.     

基于嵌入式IPv6Web服务器的地震数据采集器参数管理系统

介绍嵌入式Web服务器goAhead移植到IPv6网络的方法,并介绍基于goAhead Web Server,实现地震数据采集器参数管理系统的关键技术.基于嵌入式IPv6 Web服务器设计开发的B/S结构的地震数据采集器参数管理系统,可实现仪器工作状态查询和系统参数管理.     

南极中山站近岸海域生态环境监测与研究

1998年 1 2月 1 1日至 1 999年 1月 1 3日在中山站近岸海域进行了一次较为全面的生态环境监测 ,监测内容包括∶ p H、T、盐度 (电导率 )、浊度、DO、COD、营养盐 (NO3 - N、NO2 - N、NH4 -N和 PO4 - P)和叶绿素 ,部分监测站位海水样品分层采集 ;其间还进行两次中山站区排污口生活污水连续 2 4小时监测。结果表明 ,冰缝间以及海冰底层下 1 m内的海水为各种环境理化因子的急剧变化层 ,大于冰底 1 m深的海水中的各要素变化梯度趋于平稳 ,营养盐垂直分布具有一定规律。p H和 DO为一类海水水质 ,无机氮属一、二类水质 ,无机磷属超三类水质 ,表层海水中叶绿素 a的平均值为 0 .6 71 mg/m3。中山站排放的生活污水中 COD、p H和悬浮物均符合我国的废污水排放标准 ,仅无机磷超一级排放标准。文中还探讨了在中山站近岸海域开展生态环境监测的监测方法     

A cluster-optimizing regression-based approach for precipitation spatial downscaling in mountainous terrain

Precipitation temporal and spatial variability often controls terrestrial hydrological processes and states. Common remote-sensing and modeling precipitation products have a spatial resolution that is often too coarse to reveal hydrologically important spatial variability. A statistical algorithm was developed for downscaling low-resolution spatial precipitation fields. This algorithm auto-searches precipitation spatial structures (rain-pixel clusters), and orographic effects on precipitation distribution without prior knowledge of atmospheric setting. It is composed of three components: rain-pixel clustering, multivariate regression, and random cascade. The only required input data for the downscaling algorithm are coarse-pixel precipitation map and a topographic map. The algorithm was demonstrated with 4 km × 4 km Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) precipitation fields, and tested by downscaling NEXRAD-aggregated 16 km × 16 km precipitation fields to 4 km × 4 km pixel precipitation, which was then compared to the original NEXRAD data. The demonstration and testing were performed at both daily and hourly temporal resolutions for the northern New Mexico mountainous terrain and the central Texas Hill Country. The algorithm downscaled daily precipitation fields are in good agreement with the original 4 km × 4 km NEXRAD precipitation, as measured by precipitation spatial structures and the statistics between the downscaling and the original NEXRAD precipitation maps. For three daily precipitation events, downscaled precipitation map reproduces precipitation variance of the disaggregation field, and with Pearson correlation coefficients between the downscaled map and the NEXRAD map of 0.65, 0.71, and 0.80. The algorithm does not perform as well on downscaling hourly precipitation fields at the examined scale range (from 16 km to 4 km), which underestimates precipitation variance of the disaggregation field. For a scale range from 4 km to 1 km, the algorithm has potential to perform well at both daily and hourly precipitation fields, indicated from good regression performance.     

天山两侧山前新生代构造变形特征及其成因刍议

摘要：天山两侧山前新生代构造变形强烈,是研究盆山耦合动力学机制的理想场所。文中在综合分析前人资料基础上,结合作者的野外观测和分析,综述了天山两侧盆山转换部位不同段的新生代构造变形特征,并进行对比分析。结果显示,新生代构造变形在天山南北山前相似性和差异性共存:变形由山体向盆地扩展,时间逐渐变新;但是南侧比北侧变形起始时间早,地壳缩短量和缩短率大。在东西方向上新生代构造变形也存在明显的分段相似性特征,整体上显示出斜方对称的变形图像:东天山博格达山前为基底式逆冲推覆,南侧为走滑变形;中天山南北两侧为多排子的褶皱 逆冲推覆构造,西天山南侧也为基底式的逆冲推覆,北侧为走滑变形。综合前人研究,认为印度和亚洲大陆的碰撞及其随后陆陆汇聚作用的远程效应,是形成天山两侧山前新生代构造变形在南北方向上相似性和差异性的主要原因;而天山山体内部先存的相对刚性地块和大型断裂,则导致了新生代构造变形的东西向分段差异性和斜方对称的特征。     

兰州市大气降尘环境磁学特征研究

应用环境磁学方法系统研究了兰州市区大气自然降尘的磁学特征（包括磁化率、无磁滞磁化率、等温剩磁、磁滞回线和热磁曲线）。结果表明：兰州市大气降尘中磁性矿物含量较高,磁参数的贡献主要来自磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,磁性矿物的粒度较粗,为准单畴颗粒;兰州市大气污染严重,磁化率等磁学参数较好地反映了兰州市大气污染状况;兰州市空气污染防治近年来已取得了一定成效,空气质量有了较大改善,冬季污染在逐年减轻,而夏季污染变化不大。环境磁学作为一种简单、快速且无破坏性的研究手段,可以为城市污染防治研究提供许多有价值的信息。     

Study on gis data directly integrated into image processing

The basic properties to be dealt with ,when considering initially the research needs related to the integration of remote sensing (RS) information into a geographic information system (GIS),are many-sided.The primary combination of remote sensing and GIS is mainly realized by the transforms of data structure .Because of its own limitations,there is an urgent need to investigate the integration of RS and GIS in higher levels.In this paper,we discuss the different types of combinations of RS with GIS,and propose that GIS data should be directly brought into image processing from the beginning.A tentative idea of how to use the method of granularity to study the common processing unit of RS and GIS is described.The example for the determination of granularity of spatial data processing related to run-length-code line is also given.