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251.
The rate of sandstone weathering in the semi-arid climate of the Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia has been estimated
from observations of gravestone weathering in the area. The gravestone data points to two distinct stages in the weathering
process. The first stage covering the first century of exposure is characterised by a relatively low recession rate of 0.5 mm/100 years.
This is followed by a second stage in which the rate of weathering increases sharply to ca 2.5 mm/100 years. The non-linear
nature of the weathering trends over time suggests that during the first century of exposure, structural changes took place
within the sandstone material, which lay the foundation for accelerated weathering after further exposure. Laboratory trials
were also conducted to identify the effectiveness of different weathering processes in the decay of sandstone in this region.
Of the four processes examined, only the freeze–thaw cycle produced a significant degree of mass loss and is therefore most
likely a strong contributor to the weathering of sandstone in this region. 相似文献
252.
253.
Scott D. Samson James P. Hibbard Greg L. Wortman 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1995,121(2):171-184
Nd isotopic analyses of whole-rock samples from the older portion of the Carolina terrane, one of the largest terranes in
the Appalachian orogen, demonstrate that part of this terrane is composed of juvenile, mantle-derived crust. These data suggest
that the terrane may not have originally been built upon old, evolved basement material but rather may have been built upon
oceanic crust. A recent study by other workers demonstrates a more crustally evolved Nd isotopic signature for younger components
of the Carolina terrane. These data may indicate that the terrane interacted with evolved crust at a later time, possibly
by amalgamation with a more evolved crustal fragment before final accretion to Laurentia, rather than indicating a primary
old basement. A juvenile nature for the older portion of the terrane contrasts with models that suggest it is an evolved crustal
fragment that formed in a continental margin setting — a scenario proposed to explain the high proportion of felsic volcanic
rocks within the terrane. It is herein suggested that Carolina is a chemically evolved but isotopically juvenile crustal fragment,
because it remained in an oceanic setting for an unusually long time. In this regard the Carolina terrane is similar to some
of the large accreted terranes in the Canadian Cordillera, such as Wrangellia and Alexander. The presence of juvenile crust
in the Carolina terrane documents that at least part of the southern Appalachian orogen is not composed solely of reactivated
pre-existing continental crust. The importance of this part of the orogen in terms of the volume of juvenile Phanerozoic crustal
material in North America may be larger than previously thought. However, until additional major Appalachian terranes have
been isotopically characterized the volume of juvenile crust in the whole orogen remains unknown. The isotopic make-up of
a terrane can be an important aspect of terrane analysis as different terranes may have significantly different isotopic compositions,
while even widespread pieces of a single terrane should have very similar isotopic characteristics. The Nd isotopic data for
the Carolina terrane form the beginning of an isotope database for terranes in the southern Appalachians.
Received: 15 June 1994/Accepted: 31 January 1995 相似文献
254.
At two locations in the Atlantic Ocean (DSDP Sites 367 and 530) early to middle Cretaceous organic-carbon-rich beds (“black shales”) were found to have significantly lower δ15N values (lower15N/14N ratios) than adjacent organic-carbon-poor beds (white limestones or green claystones). While these lithologies are of marine origin, the black strata in particular have °15N values that are significantly lower than those previously found in the marine sediment record and most contemporary marine nitrogen pools. In contrast, black, organic-carbon-rich beds at a third site (DSDP Site 603) contain predominantly terrestrial organic matter and have C- and N-isotopic compositions similar to organic matter of modern terrestrial origin.The recurring15N depletion in the marine-derived Cretaceous sequences prove that the nitrogen they contain is the end result of an episodic and atypical biogeochemistry. Existing isotopic and other data indicate that the low15N relative abundance is the consequence of pelagic rather than post-depositional processes. Reduced ocean circulation, increased denitrification, and, hence, reduced euphotic zone nitrate availability may have led to Cretaceous phytoplankton assemblages that were periodically dominated by N2-fixing blue-green algae, a possible source of this sediment15N-depletion. Lack of parallel isotopic shifts in Cretaceous terrestrially-derived nitrogen (Site 603) argues that the above change in nitrogen cycling during this period did not extend beyond the marine environment. 相似文献
255.
Closure of the gap at the abutment joints of bridges has been the source of extensive damage during the 1971 San Fernando and more recent earthquakes. In this paper a model for the investigation of the effects of this gap closure is presented and analysed. The focus of the model is the representation of the non-linear response of the bridge abutments, the foundation and the columns. The model is used for the investigation of the response of a short bridge located in California. 相似文献
256.
Groundwater-dependent ecology of the shoreline of the subtropical Lake St Lucia estuary 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ricky Taylor Bruce Kelbe Sylvi Haldorsen Greg A. Botha Bente Wejden Lars Været Marianne B. Simonsen 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(4):586-600
The ecology of the St Lucia estuary in South Africa is of unique international importance. During droughts the estuary experiences
high salinities, with values above that of seawater. Ion-poor groundwater flowing into the estuary from prominent sand aquifers
along its eastern shoreline forms low-salinity habitats for salt-sensitive biota. During droughts, plants and animals can
take refuge in the groundwater discharge zone until the condition in the estuary regains tolerable salinity. Simulations of
the groundwater discharge indicate that the flow can persist during droughts over at least a decade, and be of great important
for the resilience of the estuary. Anthropogenic activities have reduced the river inflow and made the St Lucia estuary more
sensitive to droughts. The groundwater has thereby become increasingly important for the estuary’s ecology. Protection of
the groundwater discharge along the shoreline itself and actions to increase the groundwater recharge are therefore important
management tasks. 相似文献
257.
Recent U–Pb age determinations and P–T estimates allow us to characterize the different levels of a formerly thickened crust, and provide further constraints on the make up and tectono-thermal evolution of the Grenville Province in the Manicouagan area. An important tectonic element, the Manicouagan Imbricate zone (MIZ), consists of mainly 1.65, 1.48 and 1.17 Ga igneous rocks metamorphosed under 1400–1800 MPa and 800–900 °C at 1.05–1.03 Ga, during the Ottawan episode of the Grenvillian orogenic cycle, coevally with intrusion of gabbro dykes in shear zones. The MIZ has been interpreted as representing thermally weakened deep levels of thickened crust extruded towards the NW over a parautochthonous crustal-scale ramp. Mantle-derived melts are considered as in part responsible for the high metamorphic temperatures that were registered.New data show that mid-crustal levels structurally above the MIZ are represented by the Gabriel Complex of the Berthé terrane, that consists of migmatite with boudins of 1136±15 Ma gabbro and rafts of anatectic metapelite with an inherited monazite age at 1478±30 Ma. These rocks were metamorphosed at about the same time as the MIZ (metamorphic zircon in gabbro: 1046±2 Ma; single grains of monazite in anatectic metapelite: 1053±2 Ma) and under the same T range (800–900 °C) but at lower P conditions (1000–1100 MPa). They are mainly exposed in an antiformal culmination above a high-strain zone, which has tectonic lenses of high P–T rocks from the MIZ and is intruded by synmetamorphic gabbroic rocks. This zone is interpreted as part of the hangingwall of the MIZ during extrusion. A gap of 400 MPa in metamorphic pressures between the tectonic lenses and the country rocks, together with the broad similarity in metamorphic ages, are consistent with rapid tectonic transport of the high P–T rocks over a ramp prior to the incorporation of the mafic lenses in the hangingwall.Between the antiformal culmination of the Gabriel Complex and the MIZ 1.48 Ga old granulites of the Hart Jaune terrane are exposed. They are intruded by unmetamorphosed 1228±3 Ma gabbro sills and 1166±1 Ma anorthosite. Hart Jaune Terrane represents relatively high crustal levels that truncate the MIZ-Gabriel Complex contact and are preserved in a synformal structure.Farther south, the Gabriel Complex is overlain by the Banded Complex, a composite unit including 1403+32/−25 Ma granodiorite and 1238+16/−13−1202+40/−25 Ma granite. This unit has been metamorphosed under relatively low-P (800 MPa) granulite-facies conditions. Metamorphic U–Pb data, limited to zircon lower intercept ages (971±38 Ma and 996±27 Ma) and a titanite (990±5 Ma) age, are interpreted to postdate the metamorphic peak.The general configuration of units along the section is consistent with extrusion of the MIZ during shortening and, finally, normal displacement along discrete shear zones. 相似文献
258.
259.
Exploring the Solution Space of Semi-structured Geographical Problems Using Genetic Algorithms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Semi-structured geographical problems are often addressed by groups of decision-makers. Each group member is likely to have a specific set of objectives that they wish to address and a unique perspective on the way in which the problem should be solved. The solution to such problems often requires consensus building and compromise among decision-makers as they attempt to optimize their own criteria. The set of criteria adopted by a particular decision-maker constrains the set of solutions he/she will deem acceptable. Compromise among multiple decision-makers can occur at the intersection of these constrained solution sets. Knowledge about the criteria space, the solution space, and the relation between the two is often incomplete for semi-structured problems. New tools are needed to explore, analyze, and visualize the solution space of a problem with respect to multiple analytical models and criteria. In this research we explore the utility of genetic algorithms as an effective means to: (1) search the solution space of geographical problems; (2) visualize the spatial ramifications of alternative criteria spaces; and (3) identify compromise solutions. 相似文献
260.
Arne Krtzinger Ludger Mintrop Douglas W. R. Wallace Kenneth M. Johnson Craig Neill Bronte Tilbrook Philip Towler Hisayuki Y. Inoue Masao Ishii Gary Shaffer Rodrigo F. Torres Saavedra Eiji Ohtaki Eiji Yamashita Alain Poisson Christian Brunet Bernard Schauer Catherine Goyet Greg Eischeid 《Marine Chemistry》2000,72(2-4)
The ‘International Intercomparison Exercise of fCO2 Systems’ was carried out in 1996 during the R/V Meteor Cruise 36/1 from Bermuda/UK to Gran Canaria/Spain. Nine groups from six countries (Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, USA) participated in this exercise, bringing together 15 participants with seven underway fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2) systems, one discrete fCO2 system, and two underway pH systems, as well as systems for discrete measurement of total alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon. Here, we compare surface seawater fCO2 measured synchronously by all participating instruments. A common infrastructure (seawater and calibration gas supply), different quality checks (performance of calibration procedures for CO2, temperature measurements) and a common procedure for calculation of final fCO2 were provided to reduce the largest possible amount of controllable sources of error. The results show that under such conditions underway measurements of the fCO2 in surface seawater and overlying air can be made to a high degree of agreement (±1 μatm) with a variety of possible equilibrator and system designs. Also, discrete fCO2 measurements can be made in good agreement (±3 μatm) with underway fCO2 data sets. However, even well-designed systems, which are operated without any obvious sign of malfunction, can show significant differences of the order of 10 μatm. Based on our results, no “best choice” for the type of the equilibrator nor specifics on its dimensions and flow rates of seawater and air can be made in regard to the achievable accuracy of the fCO2 system. Measurements of equilibrator temperature do not seem to be made with the required accuracy resulting in significant errors in fCO2 results. Calculation of fCO2 from high-quality total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) and total alkalinity (AT) measurements does not yield results comparable in accuracy and precision to fCO2 measurements. 相似文献