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951.
Assessing pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dump 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Changli Liu Yun Zhang Feng’e Zhang Sheng Zhang Miying Yin Hao Ye Hongbing Hou Hua Dong Ming Zhang Jianmei Jiang Lixin Pei 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(4):641-651
Research is few in the literature regarding the investigation and assessment of pollutions of soil and plant by municipal
waste dumps. Based upon previous work in seven waste dumping sites (nonsanitary landfills) in Beijing, Shanghai and Shijiazhuang,
this study expounds the investigation and assessment method and report major pollutants. Using relative background values,
this study assesses soil pollution degree in the seven dumping sites. Preliminary conclusions are: (1) pollution degrees are
moderate or heavy; (2) pollution distance by domestic waste that is dumped on a plane ground is 85 m; (3) the horizontal transport
distance of pollutants might be up to 120 m if waste leachates are directly connected with water in saturated soils; (4) vertical
transport depth is about 3 m in unsaturated silty clayey soils. Furthermore, using relative background values and hygiene
standards of food and vegetable this study assesses the pollutions of different parts of reed, sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon.
It is found: (1) in comparison with the relative background values in a large distance to the waste dumping sites, domestic
wastes have polluted the roots and stems of reed and sorghum, whereas fine coal ash has polluted the leaves, rattans and fruits
of watermelon and sweet-melon; (2) domestic wastes and fine coal ash have heavily polluted the edible parts of sorghum, water
melon and sweet-melon. As, Hg, Pb and F have far exceeded standard values, e.g., Hg has exceeded the standard value by up
to 650–1,700 times and Cd by 120–275 times, and the comprehensive pollution index is up to 192.9–369.7; (3) the polluted sorghum,
watermelon and sweet-melon are inedible. 相似文献
952.
David M. Nelson Feng Sheng Hu Jill A. Mikucki Ann Pearson 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(16):4005-4014
Pollen grains from grasses using the C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways have distinct ranges of δ13C values that may be used to estimate their relative abundance in paleorecords. We evaluated a spooling-wire microcombustion device interfaced with an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (SWiM-IRMS) for δ13C analysis of individual grass-pollen grains. Pollen from four C3 and four C4 grass species was isolated through micromanipulation and analyzed as single grains suspended in water. A carbon yield greater than the 2σ range of the carbon content of blanks containing only water was used to distinguish samples containing pollen (“pollen present”) from those not containing pollen. This criterion resulted in the exclusion of ∼45% of the 946 samples applied to the wire. The average δ13C values (±1σ) of the remaining samples were −26.9‰ (±6.3‰) and −11.5‰ (±9.6‰) for C3 grasses and C4 grasses, respectively, after blank-correcting the δ13C data. These results suggest that the SWiM-IRMS system can be used to distinguish C3 from C4 grass pollen. The high variability in measured δ13C values is likely caused by a combination of factors. These include natural isotopic variability among individual pollen grains; the relatively poor precision that can be obtained when determining δ13C values of such small samples; and the uncertainty in the magnitude, isotopic composition, and stability of the analytical blank. Nonetheless, high percentages of individual pollen grains were correctly classified as being of either C3 or C4 origin. On average, 90% (range = 78-100%) of pollen grains from C3 grasses had δ13C values more negative than the cutoff threshold of −19.2‰; while 84% (range = 77-90%) of pollen grains from C4 grasses had δ13C values more positive than −19.2‰. Compared with analysis using an elemental analyzer interfaced with an IRMS (EA-IRMS), the number of pollen grains required for δ13C-based evaluation of C3/C4 grass composition is many times lower with the SWiM-IRMS. Additionally, δ13C data from the SWiM-IRMS does not need to be incorporated into a mixing model to derive estimates of the abundance of C3 and C4 grass pollen. Carbon-isotopic analysis of individual grass-pollen grains using the SWiM-IRMS system may help improve our understanding of the evolutionary and ecological significance of grass taxa in the paleorecord. 相似文献
953.
954.
Evolution of cumulative Coulomb failure stress in northeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau and its effect on large earthquake occurrence 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
We simulate accumulative Coulomb failure stress change in a layered Maxwell viscoelastic media in the north-eastern Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau since 1920.Lithospheric stress/strain evolution is assumed to be drivenby dislocations of large earthquakes(M≥7.0)and secular tectonic loading.The earthquake rupture parameters suchas the fault rupture length,width,and slip are either adopted from field investigations or estimated from their sta-tistic relationships with the earthquake magnitudes and seismic moments.Our study shows that among 20 largeearthquakes(M≥7.0)investigated,17 occurred in areas where the Coulomb failure stress change is positive,with atriggering rate of 85%.This study provides essential data for the intermediate to long-term likelihood estimation oflarge earthquakes in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献
955.
The Bras d’Or Lakes (BdOL) are a large, complex and virtually land-locked estuary in central Cape Breton Island of Nova Scotia and one of Canada’s charismatic ecosystems, sustaining ecological and cultural communities unique in many aspects. The BdOL comprise two major basins, many deep and shallow bays, several narrow channels and straits and a large, geologically complex watershed. Predictive knowledge of the water movement within the estuary is a key requirement for effective management and sustainable development of the BdOL ecosystem. A three-dimensional (3D) primitive-equation ocean circulation model is used to examine the estuary’s response to tides, winds and buoyancy forcing associated with freshwater runoff in a series of numerical experiments validated with empirical data. The model results generate intense, jet-like tidal flows of about 1 m s?1 in the channels between the basins and connecting them to the ocean and relatively weak tidal currents in other regions, which agrees well with previous observations and numerical results. Wind forcing and buoyancy forcing associated with river runoff play important roles in generating the significant sub-tidal circulations in the estuary, including narrow channels, deep basins and shallow bays. The circulation model is also used to reconstruct the 3D circulation and temperature-salinity distributions in the summer months of 1974, when current and hydrographic measurements were made at several locations. The sub-tidal circulation in the estuary produced by the model is characterised by wind and barometric set-up and set-down in different sections of the system, and a classic two-layer estuarine circulation in which brackish, near-surface waters flow seaward from the estuary into the Atlantic Ocean, and deep salty waters flow landward through the major channel. The model results reproduce reasonably well the overall features of observed circulation and temperature-salinity fields made in the BdOL in 1974 but generally underestimate the observed currents and density stratification. The model discrepancies reflect the use of spatially mean wind forcing and spatially and monthly mean surface heat flux and the inability of the coarse model horizontal resolution (~500 m) to resolve narrow channels and straits. 相似文献
956.
Motivated by a wide range of applications from enhanced oil recovery to carbon dioxide sequestration, we have developed a two-dimensional, pore-level model of immiscible drainage, incorporating viscous, capillary, and gravitational effects. This model has been validated quantitatively, in the very different limits of zero viscosity ratio and zero capillary number; flow patterns from modeling agree well with experiment. For a range of stable viscosity ratios (μinjected/μdisplaced ? 1), we have increased the capillary number, Nc, and studied the way in which the flows deviate from capillary fingering (the fractal flow of invasion percolation) and become compact for realistic capillary numbers. Results exhibiting this crossover from capillary fingering to compact invasion are presented for the average position of the injected fluid, the fluid–fluid interface, the saturation and fractional flow profiles, and the relative permeabilities. The agreement between our results and earlier theoretical predictions [Blunt M, King MJ, Scher H. Simulation and theory of two-phase flow in porous media. Phys Rev A 1992;46:7680–99; Lenormand R. Flow through porous media: limits of fractal patterns. Proc Roy Soc A 1989;423:159–68; Wilkinson D. Percolation effects in immiscible displacement. Phys Rev A 1986;34:1380–90; Xu B, Yortsos YC, Salin D. Invasion Percolation with viscous forces. Phys Rev E 1998;57:739–51] supports the validity of these general theoretical arguments, which were independent of the details of the porous media in both two and three dimensions. 相似文献
957.
以西安地区为例, 分析该地区2002年1月—2004年12月连续3年逐日公路交通事故资料1096个样本, 以及该地区、对应的逐日13个气象要素资料, 并将样本数据划分为春夏和秋冬两个半年, 来考虑气象要素在不同时段的不同影响, 建立合理有效的公路气象预警模型。通过2005年3月—2006年4月交通事故发生起数共365个测试样本的检验, 发现这个模型具有较高的预测准确性, 运用该地区气象要素建立公路交通事故的预警模型是可行而有效的。研究表明:西安地区气象要素中包含着影响和可以预测当地公路交通的信息, 按照在logistic方程中的显著性大小和因子负载的大小, 在春夏半年 (4—9月), 影响西安地区公路交通事故相关因素依次为:能见度因子、相对湿度因子和降水因子; 而在秋冬半年 (10月—次年3月), 依次为温度因子、能见度因子、降水因子。 相似文献
958.
959.
960.
The effects of climatic variability on estimates of recharge from temperature profiles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Using heat as a tracer allows for estimation of ground water recharge rates based on subsurface temperature measurements. While possible in theory, it may be difficult in practice to discriminate the effects of climate from the effects of ground water advection. This study uses synthetic simulations to determine the influence of variability of ground surface temperature (GST) on the ability to estimate vertical specific discharge from temperature profiles. Results suggest that in cases where temperature measurements are sufficiently deep and specific discharge is sufficiently high, estimates of specific discharges will be reasonably accurate. Increasing the number of times temperatures are measured, or producing models that incorporate variations in GST, will increase the reliability of any studies using temperatures to estimate specific discharge. Furthermore, inversions of temperature measurements should be combined with other methods of estimating recharge rates to improve the reliability of recharge estimates. 相似文献