2006年度地球物理与空间物理学科项目受理与资助成果

1 2006年项目受理与资助概况 2006年度地球物理与空间物理学科共受理各类项目共计465项,其中面上项目406项,重点项目26项,国家杰出青年项目31项,创新研究群体科学基金1项,科学仪器基础研究专款项目1项.初删项目11项,占申请项目数的2.3%.其中面上项目9项,占申请项目数的2.2%,重点项目2项.初删率明显低于往年,且初删的原因主要是因为超项.     

适用于堆石料的分数阶下加载面模型

堆石料的应力-应变曲线具有应变硬化和软化的特性,并且体积变形会伴随着剪缩和剪胀现象的发生;此外,应力水平、应力路径和密度等因素均会对堆石料的力学特性产生显著的影响。基于临界状态土力学的理论框架,建立了适用于堆石料的分数阶下加载面模型,该模型为典型的双屈服模型。在平均主应力p-剪应力q平面,剪切过程中堆石料当前应力状态点和参考应力点分别位于下加载面和参考屈服面上,两者之间的相对位置与孔隙比之差ρ相关。相比于状态参量Ψ,ρ能够额外考虑应力路径对堆石料剪胀特性的影响。新模型的另一个显著特点在于能够考虑堆石料塑性流动方向与加载方向之间的差异性。在不引入塑性势函数的情况下,新模型对屈服函数进行Caputo微分并得到分数阶塑性流动法则,进而统一描述相关联和非相关联的塑性流动法则。新模型具有形式简单且参数较少等优点,所包含的7个材料参数均具有明确的物理意义,并且可以采用常规的室内试验结果进行标定。通过将模型计算结果与Tacheng堆石料在不同初始孔隙比和围压条件下的三轴压缩排水试验结果进行对比分析,结果表明新模型能够准确地描述堆石料的应力-应变曲线和体积变形特点;同时,新模型也能够合理地描述初始孔隙比对堆石料在e-lnp平面(e为孔隙比)临界状态线的影响。     

散乱离散点数据的三角形网格化快速成图

提出了一种基于三角网格的等值线成图线性插值方法。常规等值线成图都是基于矩形网格进行网格化插值的,三角网格能够更好地逼近地球物理场的形态和散乱离散点数据的边界,得到的等值线图更加光滑。通过搜索边界、三角网格化剖分、线性插值、搜索等值线、Bezier曲线光滑等值线等5个步骤,可以对任意散乱离散点数据进行快速成图。实际数据的成图结果表明:该方法插值效果好,不进行数据外推,得到的等值线图能直接反映散乱离散点数据的空间位置且成图速度快,可大大提高实际工作效率。     

Interaction between Cr(VI) and a Fe-rich soil in the presence of oxalic and tartaric acids

This study examined the interaction between Cr(VI) and a Fe-rich soil in the presence of low-molecular-weight organic acids as a function of pH. Oxalic and tartaric acids were chosen since they existed in soils commonly. Batch experiments showed that adsorption of Cr(VI) by the soil within the pH range examined was inhibited in the presence of oxalic acid, which was more pronounced when the initial ratio of [oxalic acid]/[Cr(VI)] was raised from 1:1 to 2:1. With the addition of tartaric acid, concentration of Cr(VI) in equilibrium solutions was far less than that of single adsorbate system across the pH wide (2.5–5.5), which was noticeable especially at low pH. The results were attributed to Cr(VI) adsorption and, particularly, the soil surface catalyzed reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by tartaric acid. The data reported in this paper suggested that the mobility, the bioavailability, and the toxicity of Cr(VI) in soil environments might be greatly affected by pH, the presence and nature of low-weight-molecular organic acids (oxalic and tartaric acids).     

Ore Genesis and Formation Age of the Gaogangshan Mo Deposit,Heilongjiang Province,NE China

The Gaogangshan Mo deposit, located in the northern part of the Lesser Xing'an Range (the eastern part of the Xing'an–Mongolia Orogenic Belt), is one of the newly discovered Mo deposits in northeast China. Ore bodies occur in the granite and are generally in vein and stockwork forms. Major metallic minerals in the ore include pyrite and molybdenite. The styles of mineralization are disseminated, veinlet–disseminated, and veinlet. The major types of wall–rock alteration are silicification–potassic alteration, phyllic alteration and propylitization. Fluid inclusion analyses indicate that the ore‐forming fluid during the major mineralization stage is an H₂O–NaCl–CO₂ system, with wide homogenization temperature and salinity ranges. The abundant CO₂–rich and coexisting halite–bearing fluid inclusion assemblages in the main stage of mineralization highlight the significance of intensive fluid boiling for porphyry Mo mineralization. Comprehensive study of the ore‐forming conditions, geological features of the deposit, micro‐thermometric analysis of fluid inclusions and comparison of the Gaogangshan deposit with other typical porphyry deposits leads to the conclusion that the deposit is a porphyry type. We obtained a weighted mean age of the molybdenite deposit at Gaogangshan of 250.7 ± 1.8 Ma. The isotopic dating results indicate that the Gaogangshan deposit was formed in the Permo–Triassic, which is the earliest Mo–only deposit in northeast China. The formation of the Gaogangshan Mo deposit may be related to the extension and break–up of the Songnen Block and Jiamusi Block in the Permo–Triassic.     

Fluid inclusion study of Xihuashan tungsten deposit in the southern Jiangxi province,China

The Xihuashan tungsten deposit is closely related to a small highly evolved granitic intrusion. The fluid phases associated with the wolframite-bearing quartz veins have been investigated using microthermometry and the Raman microprobe; they are highly variable in density and composition. The earlier fluids are low-density and low-salinity CO₂-bearing aqueous solutions circulating at temperatures up to 420 °C, and low-salinity (2–3 equiv. wt% NaCl) aqueous solutions without traces of CO₂ circulating at high temperatures 280°–400 °C) involved in a specific hydrothermal fracturing event; limited unmixing occurs at 380 °C and 200–100 bar in response to a sudden pressure drop. The second types of fluids related to deposition of idiomorphic drusy quartz are typical CO₂-bearing aqueous solutions with low salinity (2.5 equiv. wt% NaCl) homogenizing at low to moderate temperatures (180°–340 °C). The late fluids characterize the sulfide deposition stage; they are aqueous fluids with variable salinities homogenizing in the liquid phase between 100° and 275 °C. The Xihuashan hydrothermal evolution resulted from a discontinuous sequence of specific events occurring between 420° and 150 °C and during a continuous hydrothermal evolution of the system during cooling. The role played by the CO₂-rich fluids in the transport and deposition of tungsten in the hydrothermal environment is discussed.     

Appropriate aspirations for effective post-mining restoration and rehabilitation: a response to Kaźmierczak et al.

Confusion surrounding the definition and application of terminology in post-mining ecological repair has resulted in uncertainty for industry, the scientific community and regulators. This lack of clarity may underrepresent high aspirations or could be misused to disguise low aspirations and so is problematic for setting objectives, establishing goals and assessing recovery trajectories. We respond to a recently published analysis of the ecosystem repair literature, where we highlight inconsistencies stemming from inadequate reference to a large proportion of the restoration and rehabilitation literature. We outline increasingly well-accepted and internationally applied definitions concerning the restoration and recovery process and invite both the mining industry and policy-makers to re-examine their terminology in the interests of attaining an internationally agreed nomenclature. Clarity in the use and understanding of terminology will align post-mining targets with community expectation, enhance the capacity of the mining industry to understand and meet these targets, and foster better analysis and more industry-relevant discussion of recovery methodologies by the scientific community and practitioners.     

New insights into volcanic processes from deep mining of the southern diatreme within the Argyle lamproite pipe,Western Australia

Underground mining and deep drilling of the richly diamondiferous ~1.2 Ga Argyle lamproite in Western Australia has prompted a re-evaluation of the geology of the pipe. Argyle is considered to be a composite pipe that formed by the coalescence of several diatremes and has been offset and elongated by post-emplacement faulting. Recent geological studies have recognised at least five distinct volcaniclastic lamproite lithofacies with differing diamond grades. The new data suggest that the centre of the southern (main) diatreme is occupied by well-bedded, olivine lamproite lapilli tuff with very high diamond grades (>10 ct/t). Characteristic features include a clast-supported fabric and high modal abundance of densely packed lamproite lapilli and coarse-grained, likely mantle-derived olivine now replaced by serpentine and/or talc. The persistence of small-scale graded and cross-bedding in this lithofacies to depths of ~1.5 km below the original surface prior to erosion suggests phreatomagmatic volcanism forming the diatreme was syn-eruptively accompanied by subsidence of the tephra, maintaining a steep-walled diatreme in the water-saturated country rock sediments.

     

1961-2013年青海高原雷暴日数及雷电灾害变化特征研究

利用青海省48个测站雷暴、 雷电灾害监测资料, 分析了1961-2013年青海全省雷暴日数、 1997-2014年雷电灾害气候特征及其变化趋势. 结果表明: 青海省年雷暴日数在2.3～73.8 d之间, 两个高值中心分别在囊谦及祁连山的大通, 而两个低值中心在冷湖和西宁. 多雷区分布在三江源大部、 青海高原东北部大部, 而柴达木盆地为雷暴低发区. 青海高原雷暴日数分布特征为自东南向西北随纬度增加而逐渐减少, 各地区雷暴日数减少趋势非常显著, 三江源尤为突出. 全省大部分地区经历了增加-减少-增加-减少的演变规律; 各地雷暴的年内分布呈单峰型, 雷暴主要发生在5-9月, 主要集中在 6-8月, 最早出现在1月, 最晚出现在11月. 全省平均初雷日为4月16日, 最早初雷暴日为1月9日, 平均终雷暴日为9月15日, 最晚终雷暴日为11月28日. 青海省雷电灾害次数以微弱的次数增加, 直接经济损失、 人员伤亡也呈增加趋势, 家用、 办公电子电器设备损失呈增加趋势, 而电力设备、 建筑物、 交通、 金融等行业发生的次数、 损失呈下降趋势.