Management Strategies to Sequester Carbon in Agricultural Soils and to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils is frequently promoted as a practical solution for slowing down the rate of increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere. Consequently, there is a need to improve our understanding of how land management practices may affect the net removal of greenhouse gases (GHG) from the atmosphere. In this paper we examine the role of agriculture in influencing the GHG budget and briefly discuss the potential for carbon mitigation by agriculture. We also examine the opportunities that exist for increasing soil C sequestration using management practices such as reduced tillage, reduced frequency of summer fallowing, introduction of forage crops into crop rotations, conversion of cropland to grassland and nutrient addition via fertilization. In order to provide information on the impact of such management practices on the net GHG budget we ran simulations using CENTURY (a C model) and DNDC (a N model) for five locations across Canada, for a 30-yr time period. These simulations provide information on the potential trade-off between C sequestration and increased N₂O emissions. Our model output suggests that conversion of cropland to grassland will result in the largest reduction in net GHG emissions, while nutrient additions via fertilizers will result in a small increase in GHG emissions. Simulations with the CENTURY model also indicated that favorable growing conditions during the last 15 yr could account for an increase of 6% in the soil C at a site in Lethbridge, Alberta. Presented at the International Workshop on Reducing Vulnerability of Agriculture and Forestry to Climate Variability and Climate Change, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 7–9 October 2002.     

鄂西渝东地区石柱古隆起构造沉积演化

石柱古隆起区的构造演化可划分为加里东、海西—早印支、晚印支—早燕山、晚燕山—早喜马拉雅、晚喜马拉雅等五个阶段。海西期—早印支期、晚印支期—早燕山期是石柱古隆起形成并继承性发展的重要时期 ,发育了石炭系黄龙组、二叠系、三叠系、侏罗系等地层序列 ,厚度大于 5 - 0 0 0 -m ,形成了多套生、储、盖成藏组合。三叠纪末的挤压 (晚印支运动 )对石柱古隆起的叠加导致了古圈闭的最终形成 ,圈闭高度达 10 0 -m左右 ,隆起幅度达 4 0 0～ 5 0 0 -m左右。此时 ,下志留统、下二叠统烃源岩埋深均大于 2 - 6 0 0 -m ,已进入生气、生油高峰阶段。三叠纪及侏罗纪石柱古隆起是油气运移的有利指向区及聚集区 ,侏罗纪末—白垩纪 (燕山晚期 )则是石柱古隆起圈闭的油气重新运移聚集的重要时期。石柱古隆起及周缘地区成藏条件优越 ,区内现今的圈闭群可认为是天然气勘探的有利靶区。     

Platelet development in cuboid diamonds: insights from micro-FTIR mapping

Fourier transform infrared mapping of diamonds can reveal detailed information on impurities, with a spatial context. We apply this technique, combined with in situ isotopic analysis of carbon, to the study of cuboid diamond growth in a sample that exhibits some mixed-habit growth. While there has been some uncertainty in the literature regarding sectoral differences in nitrogen aggregation and subsequent platelet development, the data from this study appear far more conclusive. We show that despite nitrogen being concentrated in octahedral sectors, there is no detectable difference in the concentration-adjusted rate of nitrogen aggregation within octahedral and cuboid sectors. However, the resultant platelet development is significantly reduced in cuboid sectors compared to contemporaneously formed octahedral sectors. This finding has significant implications for the classification of diamonds using the relationship between their platelet intensity and the absorption caused by B centres. It means that cuboid diamonds naturally fall below the linear relationship that has been termed regular, which would lead to them being incorrectly interpreted as having experienced heating or deformation. The data also support earlier suggestions that large hydrogen concentrations in the diamond-forming fluid may be required for cuboid growth. We further suggest that high nitrogen and hydrogen concentrations are required for mixed-habit diamond growth, which might be the product of specific fluid chemistries that occur in reducing mantle environments.     

Effect of wave-induced Stokes drift on the dynamics of ocean mixed layer

The wave-forcing ’Coriolis-Stokes forcing’ and ’Stokes-vortex force’ induced by Stokes drift affect the upper ocean jointly.To study the effect of the wave-induced Stokes drift on the dynamics of the ocean mixed layer,a new three-dimensional(3D) numerical model is derived using the primitive basic equations and Eulerian wave averaging.The Princeton Ocean Model(POM),a 3D primitive equation ocean model is used with the upper wave-averaged basic equations.The global ocean circulation is simulated using the POM model,and the Stokes drift is evaluated based on the wave data generated by WAVEWATCH III.We compared simulations with and without the Stokes drift.The results show that the magnitude of the Stokes drift is comparable with the Eulerian mean current.Including the Stokes drift in the ocean model affects both the Eulerian current and the Lagranian drift and causes the vertical mixing coefficients to increase.     

煤层气欠平衡水平井的井眼清洁监测方法

为改善植物胶资源日益枯竭对含煤地层等复杂地层冲洗液应用带来的不利影响,对瓜尔胶进行复配−交联改性研究。以黄原胶为复配增效剂,有机硼为交联改性剂,并辅以交联控制剂、无机处理剂,研发一种新型植物胶冲洗液(GXB),并对其进行一系列的性能评价。评价结果表明,GXB性能优良,能够满足含煤地层等复杂地层的钻进需求。采用红外光谱分析、黏度分析、核磁共振分析相结合的方法对其复配−交联改性机理进行分析。结果表明：(1)复配增效过程存在2种作用机制：首先瓜尔胶中无半乳糖分布的区域可与黄原胶分子产生氢键或范德华力嵌合形成三维网状结构以增黏;同时在瓜尔胶作用下黄原胶易发生自缔合以提升体系结构黏度。(2)有机硼中的硼酸根离子主要通过络合半乳糖上的羟基以发生交联反应,体系黏度得到进一步提升,其过程可分为起始期、过渡期、上升期、稳定期4个阶段,各阶段交联反应的快慢主要受有机配位体释放硼酸根离子的速度影响。研究成果为解决含煤地层垮塌难题提供新的解决方案,同时对植物胶冲洗液的改性研究具有一定的参考价值。

     

从石峁遗址出土植物遗存看夏时代早期榆林地区先民的生存策略选择

石峁遗址是新石器时代晚期至夏时代早期榆林地区农牧交错带中的超大型中心聚落, 产生于聚落林立、社会等级分化明显的社会复杂化进程中。文章通过鉴定与分析石峁遗址核心区皇城台地点东护墙北段上部、门址及大台基等区域浮选所获样品, 结合已公布的外城东门、后阳湾等地点的植物遗存鉴定数据, 对石峁遗址夏时代早期样品中出土的植物遗存进行综合研究。通过2012~2019年的浮选工作, 共获得了187份夏时代早期样品, 出土炭化植物遗存共计17816粒, 其中农作物遗存8905粒, 包括粟、黍、水稻及大豆; 非农作物遗存包括非农作物种子和植物果核等共计61种植物, 总数为8911粒, 分属于禾本科、藜科、豆科、蔷薇科、菊科、蓼科等。结果显示, 石峁先民夏时代早期的生业模式以农牧业并重为主、采集狩猎为补充。其中, 农业结构以粟黍种植为主, 还首次发现了少量水稻、大豆等可能为上层先民与周边地区交流获得的稀有食物; 畜牧业中, 主要利用胡枝子、草木犀、委陵菜属、冷蒿等饲草喂养黄牛、羊等主要家畜; 同时, 还存在采集果实等行为。石峁先民生业模式的选择是其人群受所处的农牧交错带环境影响产生的结果, "舍不得农业, 离不开牧业" 即是石峁先民及地区其他同时期人群的真实写照。多样化的生存策略、周边聚落的粮食输入及与其他区域中心的文化交流, 保障和巩固了社会复杂化进程中石峁遗址的核心地位, 并推动了地区早期国家的产生与发展。     

西秦岭白龙江地区志留系迭部组岩石地球化学特征及碎屑锆石原位U–Pb年代学研究

白龙江地区志留系迭部组浅变质碎屑岩微量元素地球化学指示其物源主要来自上地壳长英质岩浆岩,源区与活动大陆边缘背景密切有关。迭部组LA–ICP–MS碎屑锆石U–Pb年代学显示年龄值跨度较大,最小年龄为440 Ma,指示其沉积时代不早于早志留世,结合区域化石资料限定迭部组为早志留世。碎屑锆石U–Pb年龄可分出440～680 Ma、798～876 Ma、1012～1291 Ma、1590～1990 Ma、 2113～2455 Ma等5个峰值年龄区间,显示区内沉积物源具有多源多时代地质体的贡献特征。其中,最高峰值440～680 Ma（占总有效数据76.9%）的年龄谱图与北秦岭微地块吻合度高,显示迭部组沉积物源主要来自北秦岭微地块,而其他组少量峰值碎屑锆石年龄则显示南秦岭微地块、扬子地块,北祁连东段可能参与了部分物源供给。     

招远上庄金矿床Ⅸ号矿体地质特征及成矿预测

通过生产探矿实践总结出上庄金矿床 号矿体在平面上、剖面上的变化规律及成矿地质特征 ,认为 号矿体主要受上庄 -望儿山断裂带的次级构造控制成矿 ,是由一系列小矿脉组成的矿体群 ;并提出深部找矿方向     

基于元胞自动机的海洋溢油模型

本文采用三维元胞自动机模型,对海洋溢油过程进行了模拟,对风流、水流等水平方向的影响系数进行了改进。考虑了蒸发、垂直扩散、岸边附着、溶解、乳化等因子的影响,并且引入乳化含水率将乳化因子进行实际量化,构建了海洋溢油模型。并以"Deep Spill"的溢油实验为基础进行了模拟,实验结果 Kappa系数达到0.902,与实际相比具有较好的一致性。本文对海洋溢油事故进行预测模拟,为提出合理有效的应急预案提供科学依据。