Radiative forcing over China due to albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990–2010

Land cover change affects surface radiation budget and energy balance by chang- ing surface albedo and further impacts the regional and global climate. In this article, high spatial and temporal resolution satellite products were used to analyze the driving mechanism for surface albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990-2010. In addition, the annual-scale radiative forcing caused by surface albedo changes in China＇s 50 ecological regions were calculated to reveal the biophysical mechanisms of land cover change affecting climate change at regional scale. Our results showed that the national land cover changes were mainly caused by land reclamation, grassland desertification and urbanization in past 20 years, which were almost induced by anthropogenic activities. Grassland and forest area decreased by 0.60% and 0.11%, respectively. The area of urban and farmland increased by 0.60% and 0.19%, respectively. The mean radiative forcing caused by land cover changes during 1990-2010 was 0.062 W/m2 in China, indicating a warming climate effect. However, spatial heterogeneity of radiative forcing was huge among different ecological regions. Farmland conversing to urban construction land, the main type of land cover change for the urban and suburban agricultural ecological region in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, caused an albedo reduction by 0.00456 and a maximum positive radiative forcing of 0.863 WIm2, which was presented as warming climate effects. Grassland and forest conversing to farmland, the main type of land cover change for the temperate humid agricultural and wetland ecological region in Sanjiang Plain, caused an albedo increase by 0.00152 and a maximum negative radiative forcing of 0.184 W/m2, implying cooling climate effects.     

泥石流源区典型草本植物根系抗拉试验

植被对于泥石流源区的生态修复和物源稳定具有重要意义,其中植物根系的抗拉力学特性是影响植物护坡的主要因素之一。为了探究泥石流源区植物根系的抗拉特性,以都江堰市锅圈岩泥石流源区为研究区,在野外调查的基础上,通过重要值计算确定了源区典型草本植物并进行抗拉强度试验。研究表明,锅圈岩泥石流源区主要分布有寒芒、节节草等对恶劣环境适应性强的乡土植物,它们的根系平均分布深度在30 cm以内;根系抗拉力与根径呈幂函数正相关关系,抗拉力随根径的增大而增大。当根径0.50 mm时,抗拉强度与根径也表现出幂函数关系;当根径0.50 mm时,部分植物根系的抗拉强度值波动较大。不同植物根系的平均抗拉强度从大到小依次为铁杆蒿(106.24 MPa)、节节草(非节点处,30.79 MPa)、草地早熟禾(28.69 MPa)、小飞蓬(20.20 MPa)、多头苦荬(18.77 MPa)、寒芒(老根,14.87 MPa)、节节草(节点处,12.67 MPa)、寒芒(新根,8.29 MPa)。泥石流源区草本植物的根系抗拉力学特性良好,对稳固浅层土体和泥石流物源有积极作用。     

CLM4.0模式对中国区域土壤湿度的数值模拟及评估研究

本文利用普林斯顿大学全球大气强迫场资料,驱动公用陆面过程模式（Community Land Model version 4.0,CLM4.0）模拟了中国区域1961～2010年土壤湿度的时空变化。将模拟结果与观测结果、美国国家环境预报中心再分析数据（National Centers for Environmental Prediction Reanalysis,NCEP）和高级微波扫描辐射计（Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS,AMSR-E）反演的土壤湿度进行了对比分析,结果表明CLM4.0模拟结果可以反映出中国区域观测土壤湿度的空间分布和时空变化特征,但东北、江淮和河套三个地区模拟值相对于观测值在各层次均系统性偏大。模拟与NCEP再分析土壤湿度的空间分布基本一致,与AMSR-E的反演值在35°N以北的分布也基本一致;从1961～2010年土壤湿度模拟结果分析得出,各层土壤湿度空间分布从西北向东南增加。低值区主要分布在新疆、青海、甘肃和内蒙古西部地区。东北平原、江淮地区和长江流域为高值区。土壤湿度数值总体上从浅层向深层增加。不同深度土壤湿度变化趋势基本相同。除新疆西部和东北部分地区外,土壤湿度在35°N以北以减少趋势为主,30°N以南的长江流域、华南及西南地区以增加为主。在全球气候变暖的背景下,CLM4.0模拟的夏季土壤湿度在不同程度上响应了降水的变化。中国典型干旱区和半干旱区土壤湿度减小,湿润区增加。其中湿润区土壤湿度对降水的响应最为显著,其次是半干旱区和干旱区。     

莱州湾东岸三山岛段砂质海岸沉积物运移动力机制

通过对三山岛岸段冬夏重复的地形测量和表层沉积物的粒度分析,研究了其地貌特征与地形变化规律、沉积物类型、粒度特征、运移趋势,并探讨了沉积物运移的动力机制。结果表明:该岸段可根据1985黄海高程-1.2m(低潮水位)和-6.5m(闭合深度)平面划分为海滩、水下岸坡和浅海陆架三个地貌单元,各地貌单元表层沉积物分布规律与地形变化特征区别显著。其中水下岸坡和浅海陆架地貌单元主要受潮流作用,海滩地貌单元主要受波浪作用。在西向落潮流和西南向潮余流的作用下,水下岸坡地貌单元发育一个中等规模潮流通道-沙脊沉积系统。表层沉积物以向西运移的趋势为主,少数滞留于西部潮流沙脊处,与地形"东侵西淤"的变化规律相符,这些西向运移的沉积物最终离开研究区,补给莱州浅滩。     

渤海海峡跨海通道区浅地层结构探测

在对2012年渤海海峡跨海通道区实测浅地层剖面资料进行地质解释的基础上,通过将浅地层剖面与钻孔地层岩性划分进行对比,标定了标准反射界面,通过对浅地层剖面各反射波组、内部反射结构的追踪、对比分析以及测线间的闭合检查,划分出5个主要反射界面和4个声学地层单元,揭示了各地层单元的分布特征。对拟建跨海通道路线选区典型探测剖面进行了系统的分析、讨论。     

A review of sediment dynamical processes in the west coast of Korea,eastern Yellow Sea

Sediment dynamical processes began to be systematically monitored in the west coast of Korea facing the eastern Yellow Sea in the 1990s. The early investigations were largely conducted aboard vessels that provided results where the resolution was highly restricted in both temporal and spatial aspects. However, full-fledged autonomous instruments introduced early in the 2000s allowed for a quantum leap in the level of this sub-field of sedimentology. The investigated sites include various environments such as estuaries, bays, tidal flats, beaches, and offshore deposits. Among them, a total of seven sites were selected for the review: Han estuary, Daeho tidal flats, Garolim Bay, Saemangeum Region, Byunsan Beach, Gomso Bay, and Huksan Mud Belt. The major results from each site were briefly summarized. The summary clearly demonstrates that wind-generated currents and waves particularly during winter should be carefully considered in interpreting sedimentary environments. This is because winter-season processes interrupt or actively displace much of the sediments worked by tidal currents in the remaining seasons. The summary hence suggests that seasonal investigations of sediment dynamics are necessary to understand shallow-water sedimentation in the west coast of Korea that is governed complicatedly by two major forcing agents: waves and tidal currents.     

热带气旋各个要素对于海表面降温的影响

热带气旋的经过会引起海洋内部强烈的剪切,由剪切不稳定触发的强混合可以将温跃层的冷水卷挟上来,导致海洋混合层加深和海表面温度的下降。本文利用3-Dimensional Price Weller and Pinkel(3DPWP)模式模拟了不同热带气旋下的海表面降温,分别研究了热带气旋各个要素(气旋的强度,最大风速半径和移动速度)对于海表面降温的影响。模拟结果表明,海表面降温的空间分布主要受到气旋移动速度的影响,移动速度越快的降温,右偏现象越明显。海表面降温的幅度以及降温的区域随着气旋强度和最大风速半径的增大而单调递增,随移动速度增加而单调递减。海表面降温与热带气旋3个要素的拟合结果表明,气旋各个要素对于海表面降温影响作用的大小不同:在气旋移动速度较慢(小于4.5m/s)时,海表面降温主要受到气旋级别和移动速度的影响,在气旋移动速度较快(大于4.5m/s)时,气旋移动速度的影响作用减弱,海表面降温主要受气旋级别的影响。气旋最大风速半径的影响作用始终较小。     

不同防风标准雨量计的观测差异

针对不同的防风标准在翻斗雨量计观测时对风场变形误差的防护作用,从降水总量随风速波动的变化、设备间的均方差及其相关系数和观测时间灵敏度等几个方面对观测数据进行分析。数据分析表明不同的防风标准翻斗式雨量计对风场变形误差的防护作用存在一定的差异,其中SMALLDIFR具有更高的时间灵敏性,在雨量比较大时,偏斜式雨量计更优。     

������Ƶ�Dz�۲����ݵ�����̽�����޸�����

??????????????????????С????????λ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????λ?????????α??/??λ?????????????????μ???????????????????????????????????????÷???????????????????????????÷???????????????GEO??IGSO??????????????????????????????С???????????????MEO?????????????????     

���ö�̬PPP�������ZTD��Ƶ�仯

??????PPP????????IGS?ο????????????ж??PPP???????????????PPP??ZTD?????????????PPP??ZTD??IGS??????ZTD?ο???????????????PPP???????????????????????30 s????????t???????????????<6 mm????