Volume estimation and stage division of the Mahu landslide in Sichuan Province,China

The Mahu lake, the third deepest lake in China, is located on the west bank of the Jinsha River in Leibo county, Sichuan Province. It is a dammed lake created by an old landslide on the ancient Huanglang river, a tributary on the west bank of the Jinsha River. Previous studies (Wang and Lu in J Mt Res S1:44–47, 2000) suggested that this landslide was caused by an earthquake approximately 372 ka (Middle Pleistocene), during which a few hundreds of million cubic meters of debris were deposited between 1177 and 900 m a.s.l. (above sea level), covering an area of around 15 km². Our further investigations, including geodetic survey, borehole drilling, and field reconnaissance, combining with five chronological data, have made some new discoveries at this site. First, the toe of the landslide extends from 900 m a.s.l. down to 320 m a.s.l., i.e., the local bed elevation of the contemporary Jinsha River. Second, the area of the landslide deposits is 17.3 km² with a volume of 2.38 km³, much larger than the previous estimation. Thus, it should be one of the largest known landslides in China. And the lower elevation of the landslide’s toe also rules out the possibility that it is a hanging valley on the ancient Huanglang river. Our work suggests that this landslide was created by five events according to the overlapping characteristics of the deposits and five chronological data, which are old than 52,600 years, old than 16,000 years, old than 15,500 years, 5800 years, and old than 4200 years, respectively.     

川滇黔邻区龙马溪组页岩气富集主控因素与勘探方向

中国的页岩气资源评价必须立足于中国主要陆块的地质条件与构造演化特点之上,对于不同层系、不同地区的页岩气选区评价,也必须抓住关键因素。川滇黔邻区的五峰组-龙马溪组富有机质页岩发育,但保存条件较渝东南地区更为复杂。印支期以来,该区经历了多期次构造应力场转换,断裂、褶皱发育,因此,建立针对性的页岩气选区评价参数体系是该区页岩气勘探走出困局的当务之急。本文在分析该区已有页岩气钻井成效的基础上,立足于扬子海相层系页岩气勘探应是基于保存条件的"连续型甜点区"的选区评价基本思路,结合前人研究成果,系统梳理出一套评价指标体系。该体系涵盖5大因素(区域盖层、直接盖层、底板条件、页岩层自身条件、构造改造强度)、4个等级、17个选区评价参数。另外,根据已有相关钻井数据,总结提出了5个页岩气层评价表征参数(含气量、孔隙度、电阻率、氮气组分含量和压力系数)。根据该指标体系,对川滇黔邻区的主要构造单元进行了梳理分析,优选出5个有利区,提出了各有利区的首选可能突破点。本研究对复杂构造区页岩气有利区带优选具有一定的指导意义。     

Network-based triple-frequency carrier phase ambiguity resolution between reference stations using BDS data for long baselines

Network-based ambiguity resolution (AR) between reference stations is the prerequisite to realize a precise real-time kinematic positioning service. With the help of BDS triple-frequency signals, we can efficiently deal with the ionospheric delay and tropospheric delay, and achieve rapid and reliable AR. To overcome the inaccurate ionospheric delay estimated by the geometry-free three carrier ambiguity resolution (GF TCAR) technique, which leads to failure in the original ambiguity resolution, we propose an ionospheric-free (IF) TCAR method to resolve the ambiguity between the reference stations over long baselines. Taking full advantage of the known positions of the reference stations, the easily resolved extra-wide-lane (EWL) ambiguity, and the IF phase combinations, we can reliably fix the wide-lane (WL) ambiguity. A Kalman filter is applied to estimate precise IF ambiguities and the original ambiguity is resolved with the fixed WL ambiguity. A numerical analysis with triple-frequency BDS data from three long baselines of a CORS network is provided to compare the AR performance of GF TCAR with that of IF TCAR. The results show that both methods can reliably resolve the WL ambiguity with a remarkable correctly-fixed rate of higher than 99%, and the reliably-fixed rates of the IF TCAR slightly increase from 92.19, 94.67 and 94.61–98.26, 99.54 and 97.51% for the three baselines. Herein “correctly-fixed” and “reliably-fixed” mean the difference between the float ambiguity and the true one are less than ± 0.5 and ± 0.25 cycles, respectively. On the other hand, the AR performance of the original signals with the IF TCAR method is much better than that with the GF TCAR method attaining a 100% correctly-fixed rate, while the GF TCAR method can hardly fix the original ambiguity with the largest bias being as much as 4 cycles because of the amplified systematic bias.     

An improved ionosphere interpolation algorithm for network RTK in low-latitude regions

A traditional interpolation algorithm with the linear interpolation method (LIM) using a fixed number of reference stations is widely used in network RTK to obtain the ionospheric delays for the users. In low-latitude regions, where the ionosphere is relatively active, however, large interpolation errors exist, especially for satellites at low elevation angles. Considering the characteristics of “coinciding ionospheric pierce points (CIPPs)” with a similar nature of ionospheric delays, an improved interpolation algorithm is proposed. In this algorithm, all stations with CIPPs are used to establish the interpolation model; thus, more precise interpolation model is achieved. To validate the performance of the proposed algorithm, data from some reference stations in Guangdong Province of China were used, and the results are compared with those with the traditional interpolation algorithm. Numerical analysis shows that the interpolation accuracy of the proposed algorithm increases by 10–30% compared with the traditional one. Since the number of reference stations is flexible, the proposed algorithm can also balance the model accuracy with the computation burdens. In addition, the proposed algorithm is less affected by the selection of master reference station. In terms of network RTK on-the-fly positioning, the time-to-first-fix is reduced when replacing the traditional interpolation algorithm with the proposed one.     

北秦岭西段早侏罗世A型花岗岩及其地质意义

本文通过岩相学、岩石地球化学、锆石U?Pb定年和Lu?Hf同位素组成分析等方法,对出露于北秦岭西段宝鸡岩体王家山一带的黑云母花岗岩和其中的包体进行了研究。结果表明,该花岗岩形成时代为187±2 Ma,属于高钾钙碱性—钾玄岩系列岩石,富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素以及Nb、Zr和Hf等高场强元素,亏损Ba、Sr和Eu,具有高的全岩锆石饱和温度(825℃~838℃),显示A型花岗岩特征,形成于造山后的板内环境,可能为秦岭岩群副变质岩与安山质岩石部分熔融的产物。暗色包体显示塑性流变特征,具有岩浆结构,发育针状磷灰石和具有复杂成分环带的更长环斑结构长石,是幔源岩浆注入酸性岩浆发生混合作用的产物,形成时代为191±2 Ma,其锆石Hf同位素组成变化范围较大,εHf(t)值介于-11.26~-2.51,主要为富集地幔部分熔融产物。综合本文及前人已有研究结果,认为~190 Ma的早侏罗世早期秦岭地区早中生代碰撞造山过程已经结束,区域开始逐渐进入板内伸展构造演化阶段。     

钙同位素地球化学研究新进展及其在碳酸岩-共生硅酸盐研究中的应用

作为"非传统稳定同位素"家族成员,钙同位素正受到国际地学界日益广泛的关注.钙是主要的造岩元素,也是生物必需的元素.钙在地球各圈层广泛分布,研究钙同位素的地球化学行为将有助于提高我们对各种生物过程和地质过程的认识.钙同位素测定主要采用热电离质谱仪(TIMS)和多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS),分别表示为δ44/40 Ca和δ44/42Ca.目前自然界可观测到的δ44/40Ca变化范围为-2.0‰～6.75‰,约8.7‰.本文系统介绍了近年来钙同位素分析中样品溶解、化学分离、质谱测定以及高温地质过程中的钙同位素分馏及其地质应用等方面的研究成果,尤其对钙同位素在碳酸岩-共生硅酸盐岩研究中的意义、钙同位素组成以及取得的主要认识作了较为全面的介绍.阐述了放射成因40 Ca、部分熔融作用/分离结晶作用、地壳同化作用、古俯冲碳酸盐循环、热液蚀变作用、岩浆起源深度等对碳酸岩、硅酸盐岩的钙同位素组成造成的影响.最后,通过系统对比碳酸岩-共生硅酸盐岩的锂、镁、钙同位素研究成果,认为应该开展多元同位素体系的联合示踪.由于不同同位素体系存在相似性和差异性,而多元同位索体系相结合能有效地加强优势互补,将是同位素地球化学研究发展的一种必然趋势.     

赞比亚铜带省谦比希盆地含矿地层地球化学特征、物源属性及其成矿地质背景研究

中非铜钴成矿带是全球重要的铜资源产地和最大的钴资源产地,其中赞比亚成矿带内90％铜(钴)资源蕴含于赞比亚铜带省的沉积型矿床中.本文选取铜带省中部谦比希盆地内穆旺巴希铜矿、谦比希西铜矿和谦比希东南铜钴矿为研究对象,对矿床(体)赋矿层位开展岩相学、主微量元素、稀土元素研究,分析其物源区组成和构造环境,探讨铜钴成矿地质背景.岩相学特征表明,赋铜(钴)地层岩性主要为敏多拉组砂岩、细砂岩和基特韦组页岩、粉砂岩、板岩、石英岩等.稀土元素标准化配分曲线呈现轻稀土富集、重稀土平坦和铕负异常特征.成分变异指数(ICV)与化学蚀变指数(CIA)的研究表明源区未遭受强的沉积物再循环及化学风化作用,从穆旺巴希矿床、谦比希西矿体到谦比希东南矿体,含矿地层风化作用逐渐减弱,沉积环境由温暖、湿润气候向寒冷、干燥气候转变.岩石地球化学判别图解显示含矿地层物源主要为长英质沉积岩和火成岩,构造性质长期处在以被动大陆边缘为主,主动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧次之的环境中.其中含钴的基特韦组地层的物源中可能伴有少量镁铁质成分的加入,构造背景主要为大陆岛弧环境.综合区域成矿年代学研究,中非成矿带铜钴成矿具有多期性,地层物源属性、沉积成岩期的氧化-还原环境以及区域构造事件最终导致了赞比亚成矿带铜钴成矿的差异性.     

坦桑尼亚西南部乌本迪带内Nsamya镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

在坦桑尼亚西南部的乌本迪带内首次发现了阿拉斯加型(岛弧型)镁铁-超镁铁环状杂岩体,对约束区域构造演化历史具有重要的意义.Nsamya杂岩体主要岩性为单辉橄榄岩和辉长岩,单辉橄榄岩位于杂岩体的中部,而辉长岩主要位于北部边缘,表现出环状岩体特征.锆石U-Pb年龄表明杂岩体的形成年龄介于1874～1944Ma之间,为古元古代晚期.岩石地球化学显示,杂岩体具有低SiO2,高MgO、FeOT、Cr和Ni含量,富集LREE和Ba、Pb、U等大离子亲石元素,不同程度的亏损HREE和Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti等高场强元素特征,为具有岛弧构造背景的阿拉斯加型岩体.综合区域地质背景资料,认为其形成于古元古代乌本迪造山作用晚期的岛弧盆地闭合阶段,玄武质岩浆来源于受俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔,并在上升过程中遭受下地壳基底的混染作用.     

2010—2020年黄河下游河南典型灌区浅层地下水中砷和氟的演化特征及变化机制

黄河下游典型灌区河南段是豫北平原重要的农业种植区。该地区浅层水质整体较差,因常用于作物灌溉或家畜饮用,会对人体健康产生风险,因此对该地区地下水中砷与氟浓度变化特征和机制的研究将有助于提高对该地区地下水污染的认识水平。本文基于2010年和2020年在灌区范围内采集的327组浅层地下水样品,研究区内地下水砷和氟分布情况,并在此基础上对比研究十年间灌区浅层地下水中砷、氟的演化特征,探索分析砷与氟浓度及空间变化机制。研究结果表明：该地区浅层地下水中存在砷与氟超标问题,2020年浅层地下水中高砷（砷浓度大于10μg/L）和高氟（氟浓度大于1mg/L）的样品数量分别占总数的26.1%和26.06%。高砷水分布在太行山前洼地与黄河冲积平原等泥沙互层结构的沉积环境中,还原性较强,同时地下水径流不畅,较强的阳离子交换作用使得其所处环境中Ca²⁺浓度较高。近十年间砷浓度增加的水样占总数31.8%,砷浓度减少的水样占36.7%。砷浓度的增长（减少）是地下水还原性增强（减弱）使得锰氧化物溶解释放（吸附）导致。近十年间不同地区农业灌溉和水源置换等用水方式导致水位变化是引起砷浓度变化的潜在因素。高氟水主要分布在河南新乡与濮阳的黄河沿线,氟离子浓度受到沉积物中萤石等钙质矿物溶解影响,使得高氟地下水出现在低钙环境中。近十年间研究区中氟离子浓度减少的占总数60.2%,氟离子浓度增加的占32.1%,整体变化趋势向好,但是高氟区中氟离子浓度继续增加。氟浓度的变化同样受到Ca²⁺变化影响,在Ca²⁺浓度降低（升高）时氟浓度进一步升高（降低）。地下水中氟升高地区分布在黄河沿线,因此受到黄河水补给影响较大,地下水径流条件较好,阳离子交换作用减弱,使得Ca²⁺浓度降低,此时地下水中砷浓度受到环境影响而降低,因此研究区氟增加地区中砷与氟的分布和演化呈现反向关系。     

东天山早中生代侵入体地球化学特征及其构造意义

东天山百灵山西辉长岩、似斑状花岗岩近年来才被发现,为了解其成因及相关大地构造背景,对其进行地质学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年及Sr-Nd同位素分析.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,百灵山西辉长岩、似斑状花岗岩分别形成于236 Ma和228 Ma.辉长岩具有较低的SiO₂（43.50%~46.03%）含量,较高的CaO（11.40%~13.24%）、Fe₂O₃T（9.62%~11.84%）和MgO（6.02%~10.58%;Mg#=53~69）含量以及Ce/Pb、Ti/Zr、Ti/Y及Ba/Th比值,且富集LREE、LILE,表明其形成于受板片脱水流体交代地幔楔的部分熔融.似斑状花岗岩表现出I型花岗岩的特征,且具有较高的SiO₂（71.14%~72.71%）,强富集LREE[（La/Yb）_N=12.61~28.45]和LILE（例如Rb,K和Pb）,表明其形成于下地壳的部分熔融.而较高的Mg#（39~41）值、Ti/Y（154.40~306.18）比值,显示其源区有地幔物质的加入.结合前人研究成果,可知东天山地区在240 Ma以后已经进入陆内演化阶段,百灵山西辉长岩及似斑状花岗岩均形成于陆内环境.