全文获取类型
收费全文 | 109篇 |
免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1篇 |
大气科学 | 3篇 |
地球物理 | 26篇 |
地质学 | 52篇 |
海洋学 | 10篇 |
天文学 | 17篇 |
自然地理 | 4篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 2篇 |
2019年 | 1篇 |
2018年 | 3篇 |
2016年 | 4篇 |
2015年 | 3篇 |
2014年 | 3篇 |
2013年 | 7篇 |
2012年 | 3篇 |
2011年 | 6篇 |
2010年 | 5篇 |
2009年 | 11篇 |
2008年 | 7篇 |
2007年 | 3篇 |
2006年 | 2篇 |
2005年 | 5篇 |
2004年 | 5篇 |
2003年 | 2篇 |
2002年 | 5篇 |
2001年 | 1篇 |
2000年 | 1篇 |
1999年 | 3篇 |
1998年 | 2篇 |
1997年 | 1篇 |
1996年 | 1篇 |
1995年 | 1篇 |
1994年 | 1篇 |
1993年 | 1篇 |
1992年 | 2篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1964年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有113条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
A finite element, variable mesh analysis of unconfined steady-state seepage problems is presented based on a nonlinear programming algorithm. It is shown that the minimization of an objective function which merely represents a measure of the total flux leaving or entering the mesh at the free surface nodes (except those that belong also to pervious boundaries) does not permit a unique definition of the free surface geometry. This problem, which is apparently related to the numerical instabilities often met when using variable mesh approaches, can be eliminated by adding to the objective function a term representing a sort of overall ‘regularity’ condition for the shape of the free surface. The modified solution procedure turns out to be stable and able to provide meaningful results for practical problems even when rather coarse meshes are adopted. 相似文献
32.
This research studies the flow of plasma inside a coronal loop in which an injection of plasma through the lateral surface is permitted. The flow is assumed steady and polytropic. The problem covers two cases: (a) upflow at one footpoint, downflow at the other; (b) downflow at both footpoints. The first case can be shown to be quite similar to that of a mass-conserving flow with variable cross section; the second, instead, is characterized by solutions with a different type of topology; its main new feature is the obvious fact that all the solutions pass through a single point going from negative to positive velocities. In this second case the density ratio between footpoints and top can be much smaller than in a mass conserving flow. This can explain some properties of observed loops. 相似文献
33.
The search for the optimal spatial scale for observing landforms to understand physical processes is a fundamental issue in geomorphology. Topographic attributes derived from Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) such as slope, curvature and drainage area provide a basis for topographic analyses. The slope–area relationship has been used to distinguish diffusive (hillslope) from linear (valley) processes, and to infer dominant sediment transport processes. In addition, curvature is also useful in distinguishing the dominant landform process. Recent topographic survey techniques such as LiDAR have permitted detailed topographic analysis by providing high-quality DTMs. This study uses LiDAR-derived DTMs with a spatial scale between 1 and 30 m in order to find the optimal scale for observation of dominant landform processes in a headwater basin in the eastern Italian Alps where shallow landsliding and debris flows are dominant. The analysis considered the scaling regimes of local slope versus drainage area, the spatial distribution of curvature, and field observations of channel head locations. The results indicate that: i) hillslope-to-valley transitions in slope–area diagrams become clearer as the DTM grid size decreases due to the better representation of hillslope morphology, and the topographic signature of valley incision by debris flows and landslides is also best displayed with finer DTMs; ii) regarding the channel head distribution in the slope–area diagrams, the scaling regimes of local slope versus drainage area obtained with grid sizes of 1, 3, and 5 m are more consistent with field data; and iii) the use of thresholds of standard deviation of curvature, particularly at the finest grid size, were proven as a useful and objective methodology for recognizing hollows and related channel heads. 相似文献
34.
The Ross Sea is an important area for the ventilation of the deep layers of the Southern Ocean (e.g. [Jacobs, S.S., Fairbanks, R.G., Horibe, Y., 1985. Origin and evolution of water masses near the Antarctic continental margin: evidence from H218O/H216O ratios in seawater. In: Jacobs, S.S. (Ed.), Oceanology of the Antarctic Continental Shelf. Antarctic Research Series, vol. 43. pp. 59–85; Orsi, A.H., Johnson, G.C., Bullister, J.L., 1999. Circulation, mixing, and the production of Antarctic bottom water. Progress in Oceanography 109, 43–55]). These processes are driven by the atmospheric forcing which, at high latitude, plays a key role in the formation and thickness of sea ice. In order to investigate the effect of the atmospheric forcing variability at different time scales, we analysed the surface heat budget over the Ross Sea continental shelf and in Terra Nova Bay (TNB) polynya, using analyses for the period 1990–2006 provided by European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF). This study was also performed using thermohaline data collected within the activities of Climatic Long-term Interaction for the mass-balance in Antarctica project of the Italian National Programme for Antarctic Research for the summer periods from 1994 until 2001.The annual average of the heat budget over the continental shelf of the Ross Sea estimated in the period 1990–2006 shows an interannual variability ranging between −97 and −123 W m−2. Assuming that the heat loss must be compensated by the sensible heat carried by the Circumpolar Deep Water we estimated its transport (3.1 Sv) and its variability (0.2 Sv). Similarly in the TNB polynya the heat loss reaches its maximum in 2003 (−313 W m−2) and its minimum (−58 W m−2) in 1996. The related production of sea ice and the High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW) were also estimated. The HSSW production switched from the lowest values during the first 10 years of the investigated period (1990–2000) to the highest values for the remaining period (2001–2006).The thermohaline characteristics of the water column in TNB show a general decrease in salinity with a superimposed variability. Comparison between the estimated HSSW production and the salinity observed within the TNB water column show similar tendency in the last years after 2002, while during the period 1995–1998 the behaviour is different. Our hypothesis concern a possible role of the CDW inflow in the TNB area and our results could be explained by a different contribution of CDW transport and HSSW production to the salt content within the water column. 相似文献
35.
Gianluca Iezzi Zhenxian Liu Giancarlo Della Ventura 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2009,36(6):343-354
The high-pressure behavior of three synthetic amphiboles crystallized with space group P21/m at room conditions in the system Li2O–Na2O–MgO–SiO2–H2O has been studied by in situ synchrotron infrared absorption spectroscopy. The amphiboles have compositions ANa B(Na
x
Li1 − x
Mg1) CMg5 Si8 O22(OH)2 with x = 0.6, 0.2 and 0.0, respectively. The high-P experiments up to 32 GPa were carried out on the U2A beamline at Brookhaven National Laboratory (NY, USA) using a diamond
anvil cell under non-hydrostatic or quasi-hydrostatic conditions. The two most intense absorption bands in the OH-stretching
infrared spectra can be assigned to two non-equivalent O–H dipoles in the P21/m structure, bonded to the same local environment M1M3Mg3–OH–ANa, and pointing toward two differently kinked tetrahedral rings. In all samples these bands progressively merge to give a
unique symmetrical absorption with increasing pressure, suggesting a change in symmetry from P21/m to C2/m. The pressure at which the transition occurs appears to be linearly correlated to the aggregate B-site dimension. The infrared
spectra collected for amphibole B(Na0.2Li0.8Mg1) in the frequency range 50 to 1,400 cm−1 also show a series of changes with increasing pressure. The data reported here support the inference of Iezzi et al. (Am
Miner 91:479–482, 2006a) regarding a new high-pressure amphibole polymorph. 相似文献
36.
Chih‐Ming Tseng Ching‐Weei Lin Giancarlo Dalla Fontana Paolo Tarolli 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(8):1129-1136
In August 2009, the typhoon Morakot, characterized by a cumulative rainfall up to 2884 mm in about three days, triggered thousands of landslides in Taiwan. The availability of LiDAR surveys before (2005) and after (2010) this event offers a unique opportunity to investigate the topographic signatures of a major typhoon. The analysis considers the comparison of slope–area relationships derived by LiDAR digital terrain models (DTMs). This approach has been successfully used to distinguish hillslope from channelized processes, as a basis to develop landscape evolution models and theories, and understand the linkages between landscape morphology and tectonics, climate, and geology. We considered six catchments affected by a different degree of erosion: three affected by shallow and deep‐seated landslides, and three not affected by erosion. For each of these catchments, 2 m DTMs were derived from LiDAR data. The scaling regimes of local slope versus drainage area suggested that for the catchments affected by landslides: (i) the hillslope‐to‐valley transitions morphology, for a given value of drainage area, is shifted towards higher value of slopes, thus indicating a likely migration of the channelized processes and erosion toward the catchment boundary (the catchment head becomes steeper because of erosion); (ii) the topographic gradient along valley profiles tends to decrease progressively (the valley profile becomes gentler because of sediment deposition after the typhoon). The catchments without any landslides present a statistically indistinguishable slope–area scaling regime. These results are interesting since for the first time, using multi‐temporal high‐resolution topography derived by LiDAR, we demonstrated that a single climate event is able to cause significant major geomorphic changes on the landscape, detectable using slope–area scaling analysis. This provides new insights about landscape evolution under major climate forcing. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
37.
Bank erosion in agricultural drainage networks: new challenges from structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry for post‐event analysis 下载免费PDF全文
Massimo Prosdocimi Simone Calligaro Giulia Sofia Giancarlo Dalla Fontana Paolo Tarolli 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(14):1891-1906
Drainage channels are an integral part of agricultural landscapes, and their impact on catchment hydrology is strongly recognized. In cultivated and urbanized floodplains, channels have always played a key role in flood protection, land reclamation, and irrigation. Bank erosion is a critical issue in channels. Neglecting this process, especially during flood events, can result in underestimation of the risk in flood‐prone areas. The main aim of this work is to consider a low‐cost methodology for the analysis of bank erosion in agricultural drainage networks, and in particular for the estimation of the volumes of eroded and deposited material. A case study located in the Veneto floodplain was selected. The research is based on high‐resolution topographic data obtained by an emerging low‐cost photogrammetric method (structure‐from‐motion or SfM), and results are compared to terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data. For the SfM analysis, extensive photosets were obtained using two standalone reflex digital cameras and an iPhone5® built‐in camera. Three digital elevation models (DEMs) were extracted at the resolution of 0.1 m using SfM and were compared with the ones derived by TLS. Using the different DEMs, the eroded areas were then identified using a feature extraction technique based on the topographic parameter Roughness Index (RI). DEMs derived from SfM were effective for both detecting erosion areas and estimating quantitatively the deposition and erosion volumes. Our results underlined how smartphones with high‐resolution built‐in cameras can be competitive instruments for obtaining suitable data for topography analysis and Earth surface monitoring. This methodology could be potentially very useful for farmers and/or technicians for post‐event field surveys to support flood risk management. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
38.
39.
40.
A numerical approach is presented for the ‘identification’ (or back calculation) of the earth pressure acting on embedded or retaining structures. The procedure is applicable to structures of any shape and requires a set of in situ measurements that may include displacements of points on the structure, values of concentrated forces, values of distributed loads at some locations, etc. Possible limiting values of the unknown loads, non-linear structural behaviour, varying accuracies of the input data are accounted for in the problem formulation. Depending upon the type of problem, the solution is reached by means of the unconstrained or constrained minimization of a suitably defined error function. As an example, the proposed approach is applied to the identification of the earth pressure acting on some typical geotechnical engineering structures. 相似文献