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91.
Biological invasions result in huge ecological and economic impacts; therefore, a great amount of effort is dedicated to predicting the potential success of newly established or candidate bioinvaders. Thus far, over 90 species of fish have entered the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez canal, the so‐called Lessepsian bioinvaders. The bluespotted cornetfish, Fistularia commersonii, is remarkable in its ability to disperse within the Mediterranean and has been dubbed ‘the Lessepsian sprinter’. In just a few years, starting in 2000, it expanded over the entire area, from the Suez Canal to Gibraltar. Theoretical predictions correlate the dispersal capabilities of an invader in its native range (using the population genetic metrics, Fst, as a proxy) with its dispersal capability in its invading area (continuous extent of spread, CES). Here, we estimated the population genetic characteristics of Indo‐Pacific native populations of F. commersonii in order to determine if this Lessepsian ‘sprinter’ fits the predictive model of dispersal. Indeed, we found that even in the case of such a very rapid range expansion, the predicted relationship between Fst and CES is fulfilled in F. commersonii.  相似文献   
92.
提出了根据20°~90°距离范围之内的宽频带远震P波信号快速测定浅源地震能量震级Me的新程序。为了完成这项工作,我们根据地球参考模型AK135Q用数字模拟方法计算了不同周期的频谱振幅衰减函数。根据这些函数,我们校正了远震记录频谱的传播路径效应,计算了地震辐射能量Es和震级Me。我们用累积的P波窗模拟实时或近实时的程序,并用61个浅源地震进行验证。结果表明,我们的方法可在地震发震时刻后的7~15min内迅速可靠地测定出震级Me因此,这一程序适用于快速反应系统的实施。  相似文献   
93.
We discuss techniques to represent groundwater flow in carbonate aquifers using the three existing modeling approaches: equivalent porous medium, conduit network, and discrete fracture network. Fractures in faulted stratigraphic successions are characterized by dominant sets of sub-vertical joints. Grid rotation is recommended using the equivalent porous medium to match higher hydraulic conductivity with the dominant orientation of the joints. Modeling carbonate faults with throws greater than approximately 100 m is more challenging. Such faults are characterized by combined conduit-barrier behavior. The barrier behavior can be modeled using the Horizontal Flow Barrier Package with a low-permeability vertical barrier inserted to represent the impediment of horizontal flow in faults characterized by sharp drops of the piezometric surface. Cavities can occur parallel to the strike of normal faults generating channels for the groundwater. In this case, flow models need to account for turbulence using a conduit network approach. Channels need to be embedded in an equivalent porous medium due to cavities a few centimeters large, which are present in carbonate aquifers even in areas characterized by low hydraulic gradients. Discrete fracture network modeling enables representation of individual rock discontinuities in three dimensions. This approach is used in non-heavily karstified aquifers at industrial sites and was recently combined with the equivalent porous medium to simulate diffusivity in the matrix. Following this review, we recommend that the future research combines three practiced modeling approaches: equivalent porous medium, discrete fracture network, and conduit network, in order to capture structural and flow aspects in the modeling of groundwater in carbonate rocks.  相似文献   
94.
The Piltdown hoax is one of the best known cases of scientific forgery in the world and has been the subject of hundreds of papers, books, articles, press reports and web-pages. Whilst the story of the hoax has secured a place in history, the pioneering role played by the site of the Piltdown ‘finds’, the Piltdown Skull Site, in the early days of British nature conservation has been forgotten. This paper describes how the Piltdown Skull Site in East Sussex, England, a site now known to be of little or no scientific importance, almost became Britain's first National Nature Reserve (NNR), and how, in 1952, it did become Britain's first geological NNR. It describes how the newly formed Nature Conservancy (NC) and the British Museum (Natural History) (BM(NH)) worked together at Piltdown to undertake innovative site management that played a part in exposing the hoax and describes what happened to the NNR as the details of the forgery emerged. Although the NC was clearly embarrassed by the NNR once the hoax was revealed, it is argued here that there was little to be ashamed of and much to be commended.  相似文献   
95.
This study aims at contributing to the soil slip susceptibility assessment in a typical basin of the southern Apuan Alps, Italy. On June 1996, this basin (Cardoso Torrent, 13 km2 large) was hit by an extremely heavy rainstorm (maximum intensity of about 160 mm/h), which caused many landslides (debris slide–debris flows) and valley bottom flows (hyperconcentrated flows), destruction and deaths. Detailed surveys provided the characterization of the main factors (geological, geomorphologic, hydrological, hydrogeological and geotechnical) which contributed in triggering landslides. In order to evaluate the soil slip susceptibility in this area, a physically based model was applied and a GIS analysis of digital elevation model was performed. This approach couples a mechanical model based on an infinite slope form of the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion, and a steady-state hydrological one (a modified version of Shalstab, which considers the cohesion of the debris material potentially involved in landsliding). GIS techniques allowed evaluating the effects of topographic convergence and drainage area on slope failure. In this way, based on the infiltration rate, the triggering of the June 1996 landslides was simulated and the critical rainfall thresholds assessed at about 200–250 mm/24 h.  相似文献   
96.
The present study is based on the interpretation of more than 1300 km of 16 kJ sparker seismic profiles recorded in July 1990, during the Cruise T-41 of the Geological Institute of Urbino. The investigated area extends along the 41st parallel in the central Tyrrhenian Sea between the northern Sardinian margin to the west and the Latium–Campanian margin to the east. This zone, situated on continental crust, marks the boundary between the northern Tyrrhenian and the southern Tyrrhenian domains. A kinematic reconstruction is presented, based on the age-dating of the recognized structures (i.e. normal faults, reverse faults, anticline and flower structures). The evolution of the ‘41st parallel zone’ can be described in terms of polyphase tectonics characterized by different orientations of the stress field during time. The direction of the normal fault-trends, turned clockwise, striking NE–SW in the late Tortonian–Messinian, E–W in the early Pliocene, NNW–SSE in the late Pliocene and N–S during the Quaternary. The concurrence of compressional and strike-slip deformations suggests oblique shear motions across the 41st parallel. The occurrence of late Pliocene–Quaternary tectonic activity in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea, locally characterized by inversion tectonics, suggests active mechanisms (intraplate compression?) superimposed on the post-rift subsidence.  相似文献   
97.
Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Untersuchung befaßt sich mit einer Uranvererzung der permischen Sandsteine, welche sich in unmittelbarer Nähe des granodioritisch-tonalitischen Adamello-Plutons befunden hat. Geographisch liegen diese Vererzungen im westlichen Teil des Massivs, etwa bei 2120 m ü. d. M. In bezug auf den Mineralbestand und die Verwachsungen ist zu betonen, daß eine wohl zu erwartende allgemeine Mobilisierung und Rekristallisation der ursprünglichen Vererzung- — und des Nebengesteins —, zusammen aber mit z. T. auffallend mangelhaften Gleichgewichtseinstellungen vor sich gegangen sind. Bemerkenswert ist u. a. die Neubildung einer noch nicht bekannten Vanadium- und Eisen-Silikat-Verbindung.
In this paper is investigated a uranium deposit in permian sandstones, which was situated in immediate neighbourhood to the granodioritic-tonalitic Adamello-pluton. The deposit occurs in the western part of the massiv, at an altitude of 2100 meter. With regard to the mineral associations and the related intergrowths it should be pointed out that the obvious phenomena related to the mobilisation and the recrystallisation of the ore — and of the ore bearing rocks —, are sometimes characterized by an evidently uncomplete equilibrium. Remarkable is the formation of a still unknown vanadium- and ironbearing opaque mineral.
  相似文献   
98.
99.
ABSTRACT

The length-frequency distribution of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) was studied on the east coast of NZ using passive acoustic recorders moored offshore of Kaikoura, Cape Palliser and Castlepoint. Sperm whale’s echolocation signals are unique among odontocete species. Their clicks are composed by multiple pulses resulting from the sound transmission within the whale head. The total length of the whales can be estimated by measuring the time delay between these pulses. A total of 997 length measurements were obtained from click trains using cepstral analysis (mean?=?14.6?m; min?=?9.6?m; max?=?18.3?m; std?=?1?m). The size-frequency distributions at all three locations were similar, although animals smaller than 12?m were not present offshore of Kaikoura. Animals of various sizes appeared to be present all year round, with no apparent seasonality in the occurrence of any size class.  相似文献   
100.
Reliable methods have been developed for the quantitative estimation of chitin, chitosan and chitin deacetylase in sediment samples, as well as two methods for the estimation of chitinase in these samples. The differing substrates used in the latter two methods have produced distinct ‘depth profiles’ for chitinase activity which suggest the presence of more than one chitinolytic system in the sediments of the Ythan estuary. Studies on the mineralization of chitin in these sediments have revealed a complex system with a number of unexpected features. The rate of chitin degradation was reduced in late summer, possibly due to the heavy seaweed growth which covers the mud flats at this time, although the potential degradative activities of the enzymes chitinase and chitin deacetylase were higher in summer than in winter. The proportional rates of degradation of chitin, chitosan and cellulose were similar in both the absence and presence of seaweed overgrowth, although the apparent rates of degradation of these substrates were higher in the absence of seaweeds. Core samples have indicated that the major input of chitin to the sediment ecosystem occurs via deposition at the surface, while the input of chitosan (the deacetylated polymer) occurs via its production within the sediment, primarily within the upper 5 cm of sediment. The concentrations of both these polymers decreased sharply below an ‘interface’ between aerobic and anoxic sediments.  相似文献   
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