The molasse facies of the Columbian orogen,Canadian Cordillera

The authors present a tentative model for the relationship between deformation, uplift and molasse sedimentation in the Columbian Orogen of the Canadian Cordillera. Data are mainly drawn from the north-central part of the Columbian Orogen. Two distinct deformational episodes are recognized. The first, probably of mid-Jurassic age, was accompanied by regional metamorphism and resulted in southwesterly directed folds and related faults. This episode of crustal shortening appears to have been the precursor of uplift in the western Columbian Orogen (Omineca Crystalline Belt), causing the progradation of a primogenic non-marine molasse over marine shale and flysch. The second deformation, of probable late Cretaceous to Eocene age, caused overprinting of earlier structures by steep faults in the west and led to the growth of the fold-and-thrust belt of the Rocky Mountains. This episode created a morphogenic drainage system with molasse deposition in intramontane fault basins and along both flanks of the Columbian Orogen. Modal analyses from fluviatile sandstones within the primogenic and morphogenic molasse illustrate the progressive stripping of sedimentary and volcanic units along both sides of the orogenic core zone. Post-orogenic drainage from Miocene to Recent was strongly modified by the development of high-gradient drainage towards the Pacific Ocean.     

The role of CO2 in the genesis of olivine melilitite

The nature of the near-liquidus phases for a mantle-derived olivine melilitite composition have been determined at high pressure under dry conditions and with various water contents. Olivine and clinopyroxene occur on or near the liquidus and there are no conditions where orthopyroxene crystallizes in equilibrium with the olivine melilitite. We have determined the effect on the liquidus temperature and liquidus phases of substituting CO₂ for H₂O on a mole for mole basis at 30 kb, using olivine melilitite + 20 wt% H₂O at = 0 and = (CO₂)/(H₂+CO₂) (mole fraction) = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 (i.e. olivine melilitite + 38 wt% CO₂). Experiments were buffered by the MH or NNO buffers. At 30 kb, CO₂ is only slightly less soluble than water for <0.5 as judged by the slight increase in liquidus temperature on mole-for-mole substitution of CO₂ for H₂O and at 30 kb, 1200° C, = = 0.5 the olivine melilitite contains 8.8 wt% H₂O and 21 wt% CO₂ in solution. For 1 the CO₂ saturated liquidus is depressed 70 ° C below the anhydrous liquidus and the magma dissolves approx. 17% CO₂ at 30kb, 1400 ° C, 1, 0. Infrared spectra of quenched glasses have absorption bands characteristic of CO ₃ ⁼ and OH- molecules and no evidence for HCO ₃ ^- . The effect of CO ₃ ⁼ molecules dissolved in the olivine melilitite at high pressure is to suppress the near-liquidus crystallization of olivine and clinopyroxene and bring orthopyroxene and garnet on to the liquidus. We infer that olivine melilitite magmas may be derived by equilibrium partial melting (<5%) of pyrolite at 30 kb, 1150–1200 ° C, provided that both H₂O and CO₂ are present in the source region in minor amounts. Preferred conditions are 0< <0.5, 0.5< <1, and at low oxygen fugacities (相似文献   

Zur Tektonik am Nordostrand der Münchberger Gneismasse bei Hof

Zusammenfassung In der Umgebung von Hof wird unterschieden eine ältere Pressungstektonik in der sudetischen Phase der variskischen Orogenese und eine jüngere Zerrungstektonik. Die Pressungstektonik ist dem NW-Rahmen der Münchberger Gneismasse ähnlich, jedoch von geringerer Intensität. In einer 1. Phase kommt es zu einer Schicht- und Schieferungsfaltung, in einer unmittelbar anschließenden 2. Phase besonders an den Grenzen größerer Schichtkomplexe zu Überschiebungen mit NW- bis N-Vergenz. Die Überschiebungen reißen öfter an NW streichenden Blattverschiebungen auseinander, wodurch das Gefüge im Uhrzeigersinn verdreht wird. Durch die jüngere Zerrungstektonik wurden viele dieser Blattverschiebungen in SW fallende Abschiebungen umgewandelt. Der Wartturmberg wird als autochthone Aufpressung aus der Tiefe gedeutet.     

Erzmikroskopische Beobachtungen an natürlich erhitzten,insbesondere pseudobrookitführenden Vulkaniten

Ohne ZusammenfassungMeinem hochverehrten Lehrer, Herrn Professor Dr.Paul Ramdohr, zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Die Zustandswerte in der freien Atmosphäre bei Schauerniederschlägen

Zusammenfassung Radiosondenergebnisse von 1664 Aufstiegen der Monate Mai bis September 1949 bis 1953 in München-Riem werden hinsichtlich der Bildung von Gewittern und Schauern untersucht. Die Kondensationsfeuchtadiabate liegt an Gewittertagen höher als an Tagen ohne Gewitter; auch die 0°C-Grenze erscheint angehoben. Die Zahl der Tage ohne Niederschlag und die Zahl der Gewittertage steigt mit wachsender Mitteltemperatur in der freien Atmosphäre. Während die Zahl der Tage mit Hagelfällen in Bayern von der Temperatur kaum abhängig erscheint, nimmt das vom Hagel betroffene Gebiet mit zunehmender Temperatur bedeutend zu. Niederschläge und Gewittertätigkeit werden von der Verteilung des vertikalen Temperaturgradienten mit der Feuchtigkeit stark abhängig gefunden. Aus dieser Abhängigkeit wird eine als Labilitätsmaß geeignete Regel abgeleitet.

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Summary Results obtained by 1664 ascents of radiosondes during the months may till september 1949 to 1953 at Munich-Riem are evaluated with regard to the formation of thunderstorms and showers. On days with thunderstorms the moistadiabatic lies at a higher level than on days without; the 0°C-level appears to be lifted as well. The number of days without precipitation and the number of thunderstorm days increase with growing mean temperature in the free atmosphere. Whereas, in Bavaria, there is hardly any relation between the number of days with hail and temperature, the region covered by hail grows considerably in extent with increasing tmmperature. Precipitation and thunderstorm activity are found to be strongly dependent on the distribution of the vertical temperature gradient and humidity. From this dependence a rule is derived which may be used as a measure for instability.

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Résumé Etude de 1664 radiosondages des mois de mai à septembre 1949 à 1953 à München-Riem du point de vue de la formation des orages et des averses. L'adiabatique humide est plus élevée lors des jours d'orage qu'en l'absence de ceux-ci; l'isotherme de zéro degré semble aussi plus élevée. Le nombre de jours sans précipitations et celui des jours d'orage croissent avec la température moyenne dans l'atmosphère libre. Tandis qu'en Bavière le nombre de jours de grêle semble indépendant de la température, la surface des régions grêlées augmente nettement avec elle. Les précipitations et l'activité orageuse dêpendent fortement de la distribution du gradient vertical de température selon l'humidité; de cette dépendance on peut tirer une règle servant de critère de labilité.

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Mit 4 Textabbildungen.     

Recharge,storage and discharge of groundwater in some sandstone areas in Central Europe

Recharge curves in relation to precipitation and altitude (temperature) are derived from evapotranspiration data and compared with the results of other methods to determine groundwater replenishment in areas of strongly and moderately cemented sandstones as well as of loose sands (e.g. lysimeters). Infiltration and percolation of groundwater from a sandy cover into jointed sandstones, and discharge of groundwater into influent streamlets as intermittent subsurface flow, rapidly fluctuating discharge of contact springs, and comparatively constant base flow into effluent watercourses is demonstrated by a simplified model using average permeabilities.     

Über eine intra-triadische Deckenbewegung auf Kreta

In the Phyllite Group of Crete a stratigraphic succession from Permian to Upper Triassic members is represented. In Carnian parts of this succession in eastern Crete a coherent sheet of Hercynian amphibolites and micaschists is included. It is 20 km long and up to 300 m thick. The Hercynian metamorphics are shown to have been thrusted upon the pre-Carnian part of the Phyllite Group before the Carnian sedimentation continued. A strong, andesitic volcanism was connected with this thrusting in time and space. Tectonic events like these are not known in the outer zones of the Hellenides until now.     

Wal-Mart and Aldi: Two Retail Giants in Germany

Wal-Mart entered the German market at the end of 1997 but is still running at a loss in its 92 stores. This article tests the hypothesis that there are two main reasons for Wal-Mart’s problems in Germany. First of all, Wal-Mart is competing against very strong and well established deep discounters, especially Aldi. Secondly, there is the difference between the so-called Wal-Mart culture and German customer values. So far, Wal-Mart has not managed to close this gap or create a positive image in Germany. The first part of the article describes the differences between the two retail companies Wal-Mart and Aldi, whereas the second part focuses on the consumer perspective. Four hundred people were interviewed on the phone about their shopping behaviour in the city of Würzburg (northern Bavaria, 140,000 inhabitants). This survey is part of an international study also undertaken in Canada, Great Britain and China.     

Immobilization of Ni by Al-modified montmorillonite: A novel uptake mechanism

The sorption capacity of montmorillonite clay minerals for small cations, such as Ni²⁺, can be greatly enhanced by modifying the clay mineral with Al(III). In this study, the mechanisms of Ni uptake by Al-modified montmorillonite were studied using extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy of powders and polarized EXAFS spectroscopy of self-supporting clay films to delineate the binding structure of Ni formed as a function of the reaction conditions. Analysis of powder EXAFS spectra of wet pastes, collected from Ni-treated Al-modified montmorillonites reacted at pH 5-8, 25°C or 80°C (to accelerate the reaction process), and reaction times ranging from 1 month to 9 yrs, showed that Ni was surrounded on average by 6 O atoms at a distance of 2.05 Å and 6 Al atoms at 3.01 Å, suggesting the incorporation of Ni into a gibbsite-like structure. Only at pH 8, Ni-containing precipitates were congruently formed. Polarized EXAFS spectroscopy of self-supporting Ni-reacted Al-modified montmorillonite clay films showed a pronounced angular dependency of the spectra of the Ni-doped gibbsite, indicating that the orientation of this Ni-doped gibbsite coincided with the layering of the montmorillonite. Data analysis suggested that Ni is included slightly above and below the vacant octahedral sites of the postulated interstitial gibbsite monolayer. This newly identified mechanism of metal uptake by Al-modified montmorillonite provides a large metal sorption capacity and, because the metal is included in a monolayer gibbsite or gibbsite “islands” formed in the interstitial space of the clay mineral, it potentially leads to a permanent sequestration of the metal from the environment.     

A multi-sensor approach to creating accurate virtual environments

Creating virtual environment models often requires geometric data from range sensors as well as photometric data from CCD cameras. The model must be geometrically correct, visually realistic, and small enough in size to allow real-time rendering. We present an approach based on 3D range sensor data, multiple CCD cameras, and a colour high-resolution digital still camera. The multiple CCD cameras provide images for a photogrammetric bundle adjustment with constraints. The results of the bundle adjustments are used to register the 3D images from the range sensor in one coordinate system. The images from the high-resolution still camera provide the texture for the final model. The paper describes the system, the techniques for the registration of the 3D images, the building of the efficient geometric model, and the registration and integration of the texture with a simplified geometric model.