南水北调受水区地下水压采与城市供水安全问题研究

以南水北调受水区沧州市为例,分析地下水对于保障该市供水安全的重要作用,并结合其水资源开发利用现状,指出供水管理是当地供水量长期增长,并导致严重生态环境问题的主要因素.随着极端气候频率的增加与人类活动的加剧,当地的供水安全将直接受到威胁.必须结合当前认识的发展,转变为需水管理的供需平衡战略,即随着南水北调工程的实施,积极推进节水型社会建设,同时逐步有序的开展地下水压采工作.最后结合南水北调建设的现状,在遵循科学规划的基础上,明确了今后一段时间的压采量,并从行政手段、法律手段、经济手段、科技手段等多方面提出了对策,确保压采工作的顺利进行,为华北地区其他城市供水安全提供参考.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西部奥陶系烃源岩评价

以有机质的丰度、类型和成熟度三个重要指标,对研究区进行烃源岩进行评价,好的烃源岩具有较好的有机质类型、较高的有机质丰度和适当的热演化程度.鄂尔多斯西缘奥陶系分布较为广泛,烃源岩有机质主要是Ⅰ和Ⅱ1型为主,生烃母质相对较好;乌拉力克组—平凉组发育研究区有机质丰度最高的泥岩烃源岩,碳酸盐岩的有机质丰度一般随泥质含量的增加而有所增加;研究区烃源岩热演化总体已达高、过成熟阶段,少数地区(任3、环14井区)处于成熟度相对较低阶段.     

海相碳酸盐岩干酪根热解成气过程及其碳同位素演化特征

应用高压封闭体系,对海相碳酸盐岩干酪根进行了热裂解模拟实验,并从气态烃、非气态烃产率及碳同位素演化特征等方面,探讨了海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩干酪根作为气源的生气机理。在模拟实验基础上,结合专用Kinetics软件求取碳酸盐岩烃源岩干酪根裂解产气动力学参数(活化能和指前因子),并将模拟实验结果外推至地质条件下,探讨其动力学模型的实际应用。结果表明,在该地质条件下,甲烷在EasyRo为0.9%时进入主生气期(转化率为10%),2.9%时主生气期结束(转化率为90%)。乙烷至戊烷在EasyRo为1.1%时进入主生气期(转化率10%),2.7%时主生气期结束(转化率90%)。该研究成果为我国海相碳酸盐岩裂解气的判识、资源评价提供了可靠的实验依据。     

清平-汉旺国家地质公园资源类型、评价及保护

四川省绵竹市清平一汉旺国家地质公园是以地质灾害链遗迹及治理工程为资源特色的地质公园,具有极高的科学科普和美学价值。对公园典型地质遗迹资源进行调查的基础上,结合其形成的区域地质背景资料进行分析,参考国家标准和前人分类方法,对其地质遗迹资源进行分类、评价,提出保护建议,以期促进地质遗迹资源的保护及地质公园的长足发展。     

春秋季节侧柏-山毛桃群落演替初期的小气候特征

开展森林小气候研究,对于协调生物与环境的关系、保护生物多样性以及实现森林的可持续高效管理,都是十分重要的。选择5月和10月典型的晴朗无风天气条件,以侧柏纯林为对照,研究了郁闭度为0.25、0.54和0.87的侧柏-山毛桃群落演替初期小气候特征。结果表明,侧柏-山毛桃混交林对春季和秋季林内空气温度的早间增温效应和午间降温效应,随着郁闭度增加而增大。春季的高温峰值出现在15时,晚于秋季的高温峰值13时。春季和秋季林内10 cm处地温日间呈持续增加趋势,春季以郁闭度为0.25的B点为最高,秋季侧柏纯林在12时前为最低,14时后为最高。春季林内空气相对湿度从07时到11时呈快速降低的趋势,然后逐渐缓慢回升;而秋季林内的相对湿度,随着郁闭度的增加而增大,但日间变化幅度比较小。无论春季还是秋季,侧柏和山毛桃的叶片温度日间变化均呈先升高后缓慢降低的趋势。春季郁闭度对侧柏和山毛桃的叶片温度影响不显著,但秋季11-15时,随着郁闭度的增加,叶片温度有降低的趋势。在太行山区,以山毛桃为保护树种,快速提高侧柏-山毛桃混交林的郁闭度,对有效地改善林内小气候,促进森林更新和管理都是十分重要的。     

Unpalatable weed Stellera chamaejasme L. provides biotic refuge for neighboring species and conserves plant diversity in overgrazing alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau in China

Steller chamaejasme L. (S. chamaejasme for short) is one of the most noxious unpalatable weeds in China, which has been frequently reported its negative interaction (i.e. competition and allelopathy) with other herbaceous species in grasslands. This study compared species diversity, biomass and sexual reproduction of herbaceous plants in meadows with S. chamaejasme and in open meadows without S. chamaejasme in overgrazing meadows on the Tibetan Plateau in China to determine whether positive facilitation exist between S. chamaejasme and other herbaceous species under livestock’s overgrazing. The results showed that there are more herbaceous species in meadows with S. chamaejasme than those in open meadows (35s and 30s, respectively). Diversity index and above-ground biomass were also significantly higher in meadows with S. chamaejasme. There were 39% (11/28) of all species with sexual reproduction found in meadows with S. chamaejasme, which was 7 times more than those in open meadows. Our study showed that S. chamaejasme could provide biotic refuge for neighboring plants and preserve plant diversity from livestock’s overgrazing in alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau. It also suggested that inter-specific facilitation between S. chamaejasme and other herbaceous species may play a key role in overgrazing alpine meadows.     

The mechanism of energy loss and transition in a flow with submerged vegetation

The mechanism of energy balance in an open-channel flow with submerged vegetation was investigated. The energy borrowed from the local flow, energy spending caused by vegetation drag and flow resistance, and energy transition along the water depth were calculated on the basis of the computational results of velocity and Reynolds stress. Further analysis showed that the energy spending in a cross-section was a maximum around the top of the vegetation, and its value decreased progressively until reaching zero at the flume bed or water surface. The energy borrowed from the local flow in the vegetated region could not provide for spending; therefore, surplus borrowed energy in the non-vegetated region was transmitted to the vegetated region. In addition, the total energy transition in the cross-section was zero; therefore, the total energy borrowed from the flow balanced the energy loss in the whole cross-section. At the same time, we found that there were three effects of vegetation on the flow: turbulence restriction due to vegetation, turbulence source due to vegetation and energy transference due to vegetation, where the second effect was the strongest one.     

Equations of state for aqueous solutions under mantle conditions

With unique physical and chemical properties, aqueous solutions in the mantle may play important roles for a number of geochemical and geodynamical processes. However, since experimental data available are very limited, people still know little about the aqueous solutions and their interactions with surrounding rocks and melts. From the perspective of thermodynamics, equation of state (EOS) is the key to push forward the modeling of aqueous solutions. Nevertheless, up to now accurate EOSs suitable for the mantle conditions are still in shortage. With discussions over several recognized EOSs, we summarize several ways to enhance the predictability of EOS: utilizing high quality data from molecular simulations, choosing functions with sound physical background, and improving the regression procedures for the empirical parameters. In the meantime, we find that the ion-bearing systems are still the focus of challenges in this area. New developments of experiments and computer simulations effectively deal with these challenges and in-depth understandings of aqueous solutions in the mantle are expected in the near future.     

Development of an inactivated iridovirus vaccine against turbot viral reddish body syndrome

Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.) reddish body iridovirus(TRBIV) was propagated in turbot fin cells(TF cells) and inactivated as the TRBIV vaccine with its protection efficiency evaluated in this study.TF cells were cultured in 10% bovine calf serum(BCS)-containing MEM medium(pH7.0) at 22℃,in which TRBIV propagated to a titer as high as 105.6 TCID50 mL-1.The TRBIV was inactivated with 0.1% formalin and formulated with 0.5% aluminum hydroxide.The inactivated vaccine caused neither cytopathogenic effect(CPE) on TF cells nor pathogenic effect on turbots.After being administered with the vaccine twice via muscle injection,the turbot developed high-tittered TRBIV neutralizing antibodies in a dose-dependent manner.The vaccine protected the turbot from dying with an immunoprotection rate of 83.3% as was determined via subcutaneous vaccination in the laboratory and 90.5% via bath vaccination in turbot farms,respectively.The inactivated vaccine was very immunogenic,efficiently preventing tur-bot from death.It holds the potential of being applied in aquaculture.