Calibration facility for airborne imaging spectrometers

A new facility designed to perform calibration measurements of airborne imaging spectrometers was established at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Oberpfaffenhofen. This Calibration Home Base (CHB) is optimized to characterize radiometrically, spectrally, and geometrically the APEX (Airborne Prism Experiment) imaging spectrometer, which is currently being developed under the authority of the European Space Agency (ESA). It however can be used for other optical sensors as well. Computer control of major laboratory equipment allows automation of time consuming measurements. In APEX configuration (wavelength range: 380 to 2500 nm, instantaneous field of view: 0.48 mrad, field of view: ±14) spectral measurements can be performed to a wavelength uncertainty of ±0.15 nm, geometric measurements at increments of 0.0017 mrad across track and 0.0076 mrad along track, and radiometric measurements to an uncertainty of ±3% relative to national standard. The CHB can be adapted to similar sensors (including those with thermal infrared detectors) by exchanging the monochromator’s lamp, the gratings and the filters, and by adjusting the distance between the sensor and folding mirror.     

箍筋约束ECC方形截面短柱轴心受压力学性能试验研究

文中对15根普通箍筋约束工程纤维增强水泥基复合材料(ECC)方形截面短柱进行了轴心受压破坏试验,试验结果表明:PVA纤维的桥接增韧作用,改善了ECC基体的塑性变形能力,更有利于箍筋约束效果的发挥;减小箍筋间距、采用低强度ECC或复合箍筋,试件应力-应变全曲线的下降段更为平缓,试件破坏时的整体性较好;箍筋约束作用对ECC变形性能的影响明显大于强度,且对峰后延性的影响最为显著;基于试验与理论分析,提出了箍筋约束ECC力学特征参数的计算公式,可为ECC的实际工程应用提供参考。     

Effects of gas pricing reform on China’s price level and total output

Natural gas plays an important role in the mitigation of climate change, yet its development is constrained by the current natural gas pricing mechanism in China. In the context of the natural gas pricing reform, this paper analyzes the potential effects on price level and total output. Through the input–output model, some conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) The gas pricing reform has relatively great impact on the products’ price of the sectors that have large gas consumption, such as industrial sectors and some service sectors, and on the total output of the gas production and supply sectors and the petroleum and natural gas extraction sectors, whereas the reform has relatively small impact on other industries; (2) effects of gas pricing reform on urban and rural residents are dissymmetrical, with larger effects on urban residents and (3) the reform has relatively small impacts on both various price indices and total output levels; thus, the government can realize the promotion of gas pricing reform nationwide at a cost of relatively small increase in general price level and little lose of total output.     

北京对外交通枢纽乘客OD时空分布特征

对外交通枢纽对城市内部的客流交通有重大影响,研究其乘客在市内的OD分布对优化设计地面接驳线路、沿线站点等有重要意义。本文基于北京出租车GPS数据,选取具有代表性的3类对外交通枢纽（机场、火车站、汽车客运站）,采用标准差椭圆分析、核密度估计以及分时点统计等方法,研究了北京对外交通枢纽乘客OD时空分布特征。结果表明：（1）机场、火车站客流量远大于汽车客运站,其中首都国际机场与北京西站的对外出行客流量最大,南苑机场和北京北站的对外出行客流量较少;（2）机场乘客主要分布在四环以里大部分地区以及五环以里部分地区,时间上主要分布在除凌晨1-4时的各个时间段;火车站乘客主要分布在四环以里区域,时间上主要分布在6-21时;汽车客运站乘客主要分布在各客运站周边区域,时间上主要集中在6-17时;（3）北京南站与北京西站、北京站间的客流联系较多,可考虑开通北京南站与二者间的地面接驳专线。此外,抵离首都国际机场、南苑机场的乘客主要分布区域与新开通的机场往返市区的巴士线路站点较为一致,说明采用出租车数据进行乘客OD分析可为决策部门进行相关交通规划提供依据。     

中国陆域地震灾害的时空分布格局

通过对近60年来中国陆域地震灾害信息的搜集与整理,建立了1949-2009年中国陆域地震灾害信息数据库,编制了中国5.0级以上地震灾害图谱库.在此基础上,从不同时空尺度定量分析了近60年来中国地震灾害的时空分布格局.研究表明:①近60年来中国累计发生5.0级以上地震灾害1 679次,年代际变化显著,70年代是中国地震灾...     

国家气象站BUFR消息数据传输服务流程及典型故障分析

为满足快速精准的预报服务需求,基于消息的气象观测资料传输方式已成为现阶段的主要手段。该文以国家气象站BUFR数据消息传输服务流程为例,给出了各节点故障检查流程,分析维护过程中的典型故障案例,为维护保障人员提供参考。     

基于多源数据融合的降水数据质量控制技术研究

【目的】降水为非连续性观测要素,利用常规的质量控制方法无法很好地检查降水观测数据的正确性,因此需要开展自动气象站降水观测数据质量控制技术研究。【方法】提出一种基于雷达、卫星等多源数据融合的地面自动观测降水数据质量控制方法,研究基于标准Z-R关系的雷达定量降水估测产品加工算法,生成宁夏全区地面自动观测站1 h雷达定量估测降水量,建立基于雷达、卫星估测降水产品的自动气象站降水观测数据质量控制技术流程,开展自动气象站降水观测数据质量控制,并对质量控量结果进行分析评估。【结果】（1）对于国家级站,多源数据融合的地面自动观测降水数据质控方法与MDOS对降水量数据的质控均为“正确”的一致率较高,平均达到94.88%;对于区域站,均为“正确”的一致率明显比国家级站低,平均达到51.57%;（2）多源数据融合的地面自动观测降水数据质控方法质控出“可疑”和“错误”数据明显比MDOS多,对“可疑”和“错误”数据的检出率更高;（3）多源数据融合的地面自动观测降水数据质控方法对错误降水数据的质量控制较MDOS质量控制更符合实际。【结论】多源数据融合的地面自动观测降水数据质控方法可以较好地解决宁夏降水要素自动观测数据的质量问题,为降水数据质量控制提供技术和理论支撑。     

Spatial–temporal characteristic of BDS phase delays and PPP ambiguity resolution with GEO/IGSO/MEO satellites

GPS precise point positioning (PPP) ambiguity resolution (AR) can improve the positioning accuracy and shorten the convergence time. However, for the BeiDou Satellite Navigation System (BDS), the problems of satellite-induced code bias, imperfections in the error models and the inadequate accuracy of orbit products limit the applications of the BDS PPP AR system, which requires more than 6 h to achieve the first ambiguity-fixed solution. In this study, the accuracy of a wide-lane (WL) uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) is improved after careful consideration of the code bias and multipath. Meanwhile, the accuracy of the BDS float ambiguity is also improved by multi-GNSS fusion and improved precise orbit and clock products, which are critical for high-quality narrow-lane (NL) UPD estimations. With three tracking networks of different scales, including Hong Kong, the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) and the multi-GNSS experiment (MGEX) networks, the spatial–temporal characteristics of WL and NL UPDs for BDS GEO/IGSO/MEO satellites are analyzed, and the PPP AR is performed. Numerous results show that WL and NL UPDs with a standard deviation (STD) of less than 0.15 cycles can be achieved for BDS GEO satellites, while a STD of less than 0.1 cycles can be obtained for IGSO and MEO satellites. With the precise UPD estimation, for the first time, the BDS PPP rapid ambiguity resolution for GEO/IGSO/MEO satellites is achieved. We found that the average time to first fix (TTFF) of the BDS PPP AR is shortened significantly, to approximately 40 min for Hong Kong and the CMONOC, while the TTFF was 57.4 min for the MGEX networks. With ambiguity resolution, the accuracy of the daily BDS PPP in the east, north and vertical directions improves from 1.74 cm, 1.08 cm, and 5.52 cm to 0.72 cm, 0.54 cm, and 3.21 cm for the Hong Kong network, 2.24 cm, 2.31 cm, and 5.64 cm to 1.18 cm, 0.79 cm, and 3.30 cm for the CMONOC, and 2.71 cm, 1.80 cm, and 6.00 cm to 1.58 cm, 1.15 cm, and 4.33 cm for the MGEX networks. Significant improvement is also achieved for kinematic PPP, with improvements of 40.41%, 34.33% and 37.17% in the east, north and vertical directions for the MGEX networks, respectively.     

土地利用景观格局对居民就业可达性的影响——以武汉市中心城区为例

城市的制度转型和空间重构加剧了职住分离现象,降低了居民就业可达性,土地利用景观格局特征是影响居民就业可达性的因素之一。基于经济普查、人口普查数据以及2010年和2014年两期土地利用数据,对武汉市中心城区街道尺度的居民就业可达性进行分析,定量描述土地利用景观格局对居民就业可达性的影响。研究结果表明,景观格局指数中景观尺度的边缘密度、香农多样性指数和斑块类型尺度的斑块面积、斑块占景观面积比例、回旋半径、聚合度均对就业可达性有显著影响;就业类斑块特征对居民就业可达性的影响比居住类斑块更大,居住区规划应考虑周边就业岗位数量;土地利用多样性、斑块分布紧实度的提升均有助于提高居民就业可达性。