黑龙江嘉荫乌云组地层划分及时代的新认识

黑龙江嘉荫乌云煤矿等地的早第三纪乌云组及其植物群的划分、对比及时代等问题长期争论.笔者等在乌云组下部发现以Tiliaephyllum tsagajanicum等为标志的大植物及孢粉化石组合,显示古新世达宁早期的时代.并据此将乌云组划分为两段:下段为"白山头段"(新建),代表乌云组下部的地层,时代为达宁早期;上段为"含煤段",时代可能主要为达宁晚期.结合与北邻俄罗斯布列亚盆地同期地层及植物群的对比,认为整个乌云组应与上查加扬组(并包括中查加扬组上部)相对比.嘉荫乌云露天煤矿所出露的含煤地层及其植物化石的时代,仅大体上属于古新世达宁晚期,并非达宁期全部.     

湖南长沙、衡阳地区1888～1916年的春季植物物候与气候变化

文章根据清代王闿运所著《湘绮楼日记》中的湖南长沙、衡阳地区的春季物候记录,重建了该地区1888～ 1916年的春季植物物候距平序列。分析发现,1888～1916年春季植物物候期平均较现代推迟3.22d,其中1890年 代迟4.89d,1900年代迟2.22d,1910年代迟4.29d。进而推算,长沙、衡阳地区1888～1916年的春季比现代冷,平 均气温低0.37℃。该结果可使长沙地区的年代际春季温度序列延长到1890年代。     

A case study of using external DEM in InSAR DEM generation

Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) has been used as an innovative technique for digital elevation model (DEM) and topographic map generation. In this paper, external DEMs are used for InSAR DEM generation to reduce the errors in data processing. The DEMs generated from repeat-pass InSAR are compared. For steep slopes and severe changes in topography, phase unwrapping quality can be improved by subtracting the phase calculated from an external DEM. It is affirmative that the absolute height accuracy of the InSAR DEM is improved by using external DEM. The data processing was undertaken without the use of ground control points and other manual operation.     

高温冻结粉土力学特性试验研究

为了探讨高温冻结粉土的力学特性,进行了一系列常规三轴压缩和三轴压缩加卸载试验。结果表明：（1）随着围压的增大,应力应变曲线先表现为应变软化,后应变硬化,最后又应变软化。（2）体积应变曲线均表现为先体缩后体胀,且围压越大,体胀越弱。（3）通过引入改进的双曲线模型,能较好地模拟应变软化和硬化特性。在q-p平面内建立了一个新的强度准则,并利用修正Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,探讨了黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ的变化规律。根据试验结果,确定了不同围压及不同加卸载循环次数下高温冻结粉土的回弹模量及其损伤变化规律。最后,建立了塑性体积变形和塑性剪切变形之间的关系式和表达式,进一步探讨了高温冻结粉土的剪胀特性。     

Response of unconfined turbidity current to deep‐water fold and thrust belt topography: Orthogonal incidence on solitary and segmented folds

Sea‐floor topography of deep‐water folds is widely considered to have a major impact on turbidity currents and their depositional systems, but understanding the flow response to such features was limited mainly to conceptual notions inspired by small‐scale laboratory experiments. High‐resolution three‐dimensional numerical experiments can compensate for the lack of natural‐scale flow observations. The present study combines numerical modelling of thrusts with fault‐propagation folds by Trishear3D software with computational fluid dynamics simulations of a natural‐scale unconfined turbidity current by MassFlow‐3D? software. The study reveals the hydraulic and depositional responses of a turbidity current (ca 50 m thick) to typical topographic features that it might encounter in an orthogonal incidence on a sea‐floor deep‐water fold and thrust belt. The supercritical current (ca 10 m sec^?1) decelerated and thickened due to the hydraulic jump on the fold backlimb counter‐slope, where a reverse overflow formed through current self‐reflection and a reverse underflow was issued by backward squeezing of a dense near‐bed sediment load. The reverse flows were re‐feeding sediment to the parental current, reducing its waning rate and extending its runout. The low‐efficiency current, carrying sand and silt, outran a downslope distance of >17 km with only modest deposition (<0·2 m) beyond the fold. Most of the flow volume diverted sideways along the backlimb to surround the fold and spread further downslope, with some overspill across the fold and another hydraulic jump at the forelimb toe. In the case of a segmented fold, a large part of the flow went downslope through the segment boundary. Preferential deposition (0·2 to 1·8 m) occurred on the fold backlimb and directly upslope, and on the forelimb slope in the case of a smaller fold. The spatial patterns of sand entrapment revealed by the study may serve as guidelines for assessing the influence of substrate folds on turbiditic sedimentation in a basin.     

江南断裂带(安徽段)的构造性质及地球物理特征研究

江南断裂带在安徽境内沿东至、石台、泾县到宣城一线呈NE向分布,野外主要表现为构造角砾岩破碎带和一系列逆冲推覆断裂;其布格重力异常显示断裂深处产状逐渐变缓,具有向SE向偏移的特征;从寒武纪到晚泥盆世时期控制了断裂两侧的岩性和沉积环境。通过对其野外构造现象、地球物理、岩相古地理的分析和研究,认为江南断裂带（安徽段）是一个多期活动的深大断裂：加里东期,断裂开始发育;该断裂从寒武纪到晚泥盆世时期控制了断裂两侧的岩性、沉积相、沉积环境的不同,表现为同沉积活动断层的性质;印支期断裂主要表现为由南向北的逆冲推覆及顺层剪切作用;燕山早期主要为一系列由SE向NW逆冲推覆构造及脆性断裂;燕山晚期,断裂主要表现正断层及平移断层的特征;喜山期,断裂以正断层活动为特征。     

三峡大坝运行后长江中下游流域气温与植被变化特征及原因分析

基于长江中下游流域120个气象站点1971-2015年日值气温数据,2006-2015年ERA-Interim土壤湿度再分析资料和2006-2015年MODIS卫星遥感植被指数产品MOD13A3,研究了在考虑全球变暖背景下,长江中下游流域春、夏、秋、冬4个季节平均气温在三峡大坝运行前后的变化,采用百分比阈值方法量化最高和最低气温并进行MK突变检验,并分析三峡大坝运行后的长江中下游流域四季土壤湿度和增强型植被指数（EVI）的变化。结果表明：长江中下游流域四季平均气温在三峡大坝运行以后出现明显变化,江南地区主要出现增温现象,江北地区主要出现降温现象;MK突变检验结果显示,江南地区的高温日和江北的低温日均在2006年左右发生突变,与三峡大坝完全运行的时间相符;长江中下游流域土壤湿度在三峡大坝运行后出现南湿北干的变化趋势;EVI在江南地区诸多区域出现显著增加趋势,其中冬季最突出（33.06%）,而江北地区诸多区域则出现显著减小趋势,其中夏季最明显（5.11%）,EVI与平均气温的空间变化在春、夏、冬3个季节显著相关。     

云南巧家东坪铅锌矿床原生晕特征与找矿潜力

云南省巧家县东坪铅锌矿床大地构造位置处于扬子地台西南缘,是滇东北地区一个典型的铅锌矿床。矿体赋存于震旦系灯影组白云岩中,呈脉状、似层状,并受断裂构造和Si/Ca面控制,矿石矿物以方铅矿、闪锌矿为主,近矿围岩蚀变有硅化、白云石化、黄铁矿化。硫、铅同位素分析显示,成矿流体的硫源主要是赋矿地层中的海水硫酸盐经热化学还原作用而成,铅来自壳源。岩石原生晕特征显示：成矿过程具有多阶段叠加,早期成矿作用以铅为主,并有微弱的锌矿化,而后受铅矿化强烈的叠加改造作用;钻孔S5ZK001→ZK001→S4ZK001近矿晕元素Pb、Zn组分从南西到北东向呈由浅部到深部的分布规律;钻孔ZK001→ZK701-1→ZK1701→ZK3901亦为由浅部到深部的分布规律;以ZK001为中心,向南东、北东矿体埋深加大,在北东部（S4ZK001）及南东部（ZK3901）深部还具有一定的找矿潜力。     

Who should be blamed? The attribution of responsibility for a city smog event in China

The frequently occurring city smog in China has become a hot topic and raised extensive discussion in the public health domain. Our study tries to explore how citizens attribute causation and responded to city smog in Hefei, Anhui Province. The data from 420 respondents generally answered our research questions. The result suggests that attribution of responsibility can be influenced by risk perception, citizens’ occupation and source reliance. Attribution of responsibility, source reliance and risk perception can affect the citizens’ protective actions.     

Seismic behaviors of soil slope in permafrost regions using a large-scale shaking table

Large-scale shaking table model tests were carried out to study the dynamic behaviors of slopes and failure mechanism of landslide in permafrost regions. The model slope was constituted of silty clay layer stacked on an ice layer with 8° surface slope. Acceleration, displacement, and pore pressure were measured subjected to vertical and horizontal seismic loadings. The horizontal wave has a stronger influence on the failure of the model than the vertical wave motion, and the natural frequency of vibration in the horizontal direction decreased obviously at the failure state. The model slope has three components of different nonlinear mechanical properties, which are the soil layer, soil-ice interface, and ice layer. The amplification factor of peak ground acceleration is obviously smaller at the soil-ice interface than that at the soil and ice layer. The acceleration responses are nonlinear because of the nonlinear soil properties and degradation of modulus with increasing horizontal acceleration. Especially, excess pore pressure generation was observed near the soil-ice interface of the slope subjected to higher input acceleration, which resulted in the decrease of the effective stress. Failure surface appeared to be the soil-ice interface, which was consistent with the field observations of landslides in permafrost regions. Slope failure could be defined based on the massive movement of the slope, characterized by integral sliding pattern along the soil-ice interface without the distinct deformation inside the sliding body. The results show that the sliding of the slope with soil layer at gentle gradient is mainly triggered by the combined action of horizontal seismic wave, existence of soil-ice interface, and pore pressure generation in permafrost regions.