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11.
J.-M. Garnier C. Hurel J. Garnier V. Lenoble C. Garnier K.M. Ahmed J. Rose 《Applied Geochemistry》2011,26(9-10):1665-1672
12.
Dario Camuffo C. Bertolin N. Diodato M. Barriendos F. Dominguez-Castro C. Cocheo A. della Valle E. Garnier M. -J. Alcoforado 《Climatic change》2010,100(1):137-142
The paper discusses the newly produced temperature and precipitation series from instrumental observations in the Western
Mediterranean (WM) area, dating back to 1654. The two series had a continuous swing and unstable coupling passing from correlation
to anti-correlation. Only after 1950 are they permanently anti-correlated with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation.
It is not clear how long this coupling will persist. The analysis of the correlation between the Northern Hemisphere (NH)
and the WM temperature anomalies and their trends shows a certain variability from 1850 to 1950; later a strong coupling between
NH and WM. Results suggest that the WM climate is approaching a turning point that might locally oppose the adverse effects
of Global Warming. 相似文献
13.
European floods during the winter 1783/1784: scenarios of an extreme event during the ‘Little Ice Age’ 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rudolf Brázdil Gaston R. Demarée Mathias Deutsch Emmanuel Garnier Andrea Kiss Jürg Luterbacher Neil Macdonald Christian Rohr Petr Dobrovolný Petr Kolář Kateřina Chromá 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,100(1-2):163-189
The Lakagígar eruption in Iceland during 1783 was followed by the severe winter of 1783/1784, which was characterised by low temperatures, frozen soils, ice-bound watercourses and high rates of snow accumulation across much of Europe. Sudden warming coupled with rainfall led to rapid snowmelt, resulting in a series of flooding phases across much of Europe. The first phase of flooding occurred in late December 1783–early January 1784 in England, France, the Low Countries and historical Hungary. The second phase at the turn of February–March 1784 was of greater extent, generated by the melting of an unusually large accumulation of snow and river ice, affecting catchments across France and Central Europe (where it is still considered as one of the most disastrous known floods), throughout the Danube catchment and in southeast Central Europe. The third and final phase of flooding occurred mainly in historical Hungary during late March and early April 1784. The different impacts and consequences of the above floods on both local and regional scales were reflected in the economic and societal responses, material damage and human losses. The winter of 1783/1784 can be considered as typical, if severe, for the Little Ice Age period across much of Europe. 相似文献
14.
Christian Pfister Emmanuel Garnier Maria-João Alcoforado Dennis Wheeler Jürg Luterbacher Maria Fatima Nunes João Paulo Taborda 《Climatic change》2010,101(1-2):281-310
Three violent eighteenth-century storms that ravaged the North Sea area (1703), western central Europe (1739) and Portugal (1739) are investigated from the point of view of their meteorological setting, their socio-economic impact, and whether and by what means they secured an enduring place in the cultural memory. The evidence draws on individual narrative sources such as chronicles and poems, and institutional sources such as ship’s logbooks and state-organised ‘windthrow’ inventories of tree loss. Each of the three storms had socio-economic impacts that could be described as ‘war-like’ in the damage caused to buildings and the destruction of forests. The “Great Storm” of December 1703 jeopardized English naval supremacy in the War of the Spanish Succession by sinking a number of Royal Navy ships and taking the life of more than 8000 seamen. In January 1739 two similarly destructive storms swept over mainland Europe. The cultural memory of the three events here considered was however strikingly different. The sequence of storms in January 1739 though being the most protracted of the last centuries, and well-chroniceled, did not persist in the collective memories of those in France, Switzerland and elsewhere who experienced them. Likewise, the “Great Storm” was quickly forgotten on the continent, whereas its memory remained deeply rooted in England through the writings of Defoe (1704). In Portugal the 1739 storm won a lasting place in the country’s cultural memory owing to two poems that it inspired. Furthermore, it was recorded in the Kingdom’s official newspaper, in the astronomical prognoses and in written records of the Old Regime’s cultural elite. 相似文献
15.
16.
J. L. Chazelas S. Escoffier J. Garnier L. Thorel G. Rault 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2008,6(4):723-728
The European Quaker project has been a powerful opportunity to accelerate the development of the ability to carry out earthquake
simulations at reduced scale in the centrifuge in LCPC—France. This paper summarizes the main original technologies of this
simulator. The quality of the checked performances is demonstrated in terms of ability to perform since earthquakes as well
as to simulate scaled records of real earthquakes. The consistancy of the results is presented in the time and in the frequency
domains. 相似文献
17.
P.C. Brandt K. Dialynas I. Dandouras D.G. Mitchell P. Garnier S.M. Krimigis 《Planetary and Space Science》2012,60(1):107-114
We report observations of Titan's high-altitude exosphere detected out to about 50,000 km altitude. The observations were made by the Ion Neutral Camera (INCA) on board the Cassini spacecraft. INCA detects energetic neutral atoms (ENA) that are formed when the ambient magnetospheric ions charge exchange with Titan's neutral atmosphere and exosphere. We find that Titan's exospheric H2 distribution follows closely a full Chamberlain distribution including ballistic, escaping and satellite distributions. As expected, neutral densities are dominated by a satellite distribution above about 10,000 km. The maximum detectable extent of the exosphere (~50,000 km) coincides with the radius of the Hill sphere of gravitational influence from Saturn. While we find no direct indications of a neutral Titan torus with densities greater than about 1000 cm?3, we observe interesting asymmetries in the distribution that warrants further investigation. Based on these findings we compute the average precipitating ENA flux to be about 5×106 keV/(cm2 s), or 8×10?3 erg/(cm2 s), which is directly comparable to that of precipitating energetic ions (Sittler, et al., 2009) and slightly higher than that of solar EUV (Tobiska, 2004). Thus, the energy deposited by precipitating ENAs must also be taken into consideration when studying the energy balance of Titan's thermosphere. 相似文献
18.
Ccile Quantin Vojtch Ettler Jrmie Garnier Ondej ebek 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2008,340(12):872-882
Soil profiles developed on serpentinites from several localities in the Czech Republic were investigated by a combination of geochemical and mineralogical methods (selective extractions, XRD, SEM/EDS) to determine the partitioning and mobility of chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni). Whereas Cr is released from pyroxenes, amphiboles and Cr-spinels present in the bedrock, Ni is primarily mobilized from olivines and small Fe-Ni sulphide inclusions. The results of extraction methods indicated significant differences in the availability and mobility of Cr and Ni in soils. Chromium is almost not phytoavailable, as indicated by the DTPA extractions. The selective extractions showed that Cr is tightly bound to well-crystallised Fe-oxides and primary rock-derived phases. In contrast, Ni is substantially more mobile in soil, being mainly controlled by Mn-oxides and amorphous/less crystallised Fe-oxides. The DTPA extraction indicated that up to 10% of total Ni might be phytoavailable. 相似文献
19.
Oxygen isotope systematics of gem corundum deposits in Madagascar: relevance for their geological origin 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Gaston Giuliani Anthony Fallick Michel Rakotondrazafy Daniel Ohnenstetter Alfred Andriamamonjy Théogène Ralantoarison Saholy Rakotosamizanany Marie Razanatseheno Yohann Offant Virginie Garnier Christian Dunaigre Dietmar Schwarz Alain Mercier Voahangy Ratrimo Bruno Ralison 《Mineralium Deposita》2007,42(3):251-270
The oxygen isotopic composition of gem corundum was measured from 22 deposits and occurrences in Madagascar to provide a gemstone
geological identification and characterization. Primary corundum deposits in Madagascar are hosted in magmatic (syenite and
alkali basalt) and metamorphic rocks (gneiss, cordieritite, mafic and ultramafic rocks, marble, and calc-silicate rocks).
In both domains the circulation of fluids, especially along shear zones for metamorphic deposits, provoked in situ transformation
of the corundum host rocks with the formation of metasomatites such as phlogopite, sakenite, and corundumite. Secondary deposits
(placers) are the most important economically and are contained in detrital basins and karsts. The oxygen isotopic ratios
(18O/16O) of ruby and sapphire from primary deposits are a good indicator of their geological origin and reveal a wide range of δ18O (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water) between 1.3 and 15.6‰. Metamorphic rubies are defined by two groups of δ18O values in the range of 1.7 to 2.9‰ (cordieritite) and 3.8 to 6.1‰ (amphibolite). “Magmatic” rubies from pyroxenitic xenoliths
contained in the alkali basalt of Soamiakatra have δ18O values ranging between 1.3 and 4.7‰. Sapphires are classified into two main groups with δ18O in the range of 4.7 to 9.0‰ (pyroxenite and feldspathic gneiss) and 10.7 to 15.6‰ (skarn in marble from Andranondambo).
The δ18O values for gem corundum from secondary deposits have a wide spread between −0.3 and 16.5‰. The ruby and sapphire found in
placers linked to alkali basalt environments in the northern and central regions of Madagascar have consistent δ18O values between 3.5 and 6.9‰. Ruby from the placers of Vatomandry and Andilamena has δ18O values of 5.9‰, and between 0.5 and 4.0‰, respectively. The placers of the Ilakaka area are characterized by a huge variety
of colored sapphires and rubies, with δ18O values between −0.3 and 16.5‰, and their origin is debated. A comparison with oxygen isotope data obtained on gem corundum
from Eastern Africa, India, and Sri Lanka is presented. Giant placer deposits from Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and Tanzania have
a large variety of colored sapphires and rubies with a large variation in δ18O due to mingling of corundum of different origin: mafic and ultramafic rocks for ruby, desilicated pegmatites for blue sapphire,
syenite for yellow, green, and blue sapphire, and skarn in marbles for blue sapphire. 相似文献
20.
Over the past few years, there has been a steady increase in the interest in dry‐stone walling not only to preserve existing constructions but also to build new ones. Yet, dry masonry's expansion is slowed down by the lack of scientific knowledge to assess its reliability. This study aims at contributing to the construction of this scientific frame using a simplified model based on yield design and homogenization, which can be directly exploited for engineering purposes. A new analytical expression of the ultimate load is thus established. Then, the validity of the method is assessed by comparisons with limit equilibrium analysis, distinct element method, and field trials. Finally, possible improvements of the model are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献