基于历史地震数据的地震烈度与人员死亡率相关性研究

基于历史震例数据,通过对不同烈度的人员死亡率的分析发现,人员死亡率与地震烈度存在着正相关关系,即人员死亡率随烈度的增加而增大,不同烈度的人员死亡率有各自的分布区间范围,而通过对相邻烈度的人员死亡率的分析发现,相邻烈度人员死亡率存在着1个数量级的倍数关系,一般在10倍左右,在低烈度区域,倍数关系集中于偏向大于10倍的区间范围;在高烈度区域,倍数关系集中于小于10倍的区间范围。在此结果上,基于地震烈度、震级等因素构建了烈度人员死亡率模型,决定系数R²值为0.8667,拟合结果相对较好,能够为后续基于分烈度人员死亡率的地震人员死亡评估模型提供参考。     

Integration of multi-parametric fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and GIS along the UNESCO World Heritage: a flood hazard index,Mombasa County,Kenya

Natural Hazards - Flood is a natural hazard affecting human life and ecosystem globally causing catastrophic disasters. Most flood-induced socioeconomic losses are exacerbated by unabated urban...     

Quantitative assessment of the impact of an inter-basin surface-water transfer project on the groundwater flow and groundwater-dependent eco-environment in an oasis in arid northwestern China

Inter-basin water transfer projects (IBWTPs) can involve basins as water donors and water receivers. In contrast to most studies on IBWTPs, which mainly impact the surface-water eco-environment, this study focuses on the impacts of an IBWTP on groundwater and its eco-environment in a water donor basin in an arid area, where surface water and groundwater are exchanged. Surface water is assumed to recharge groundwater and a groundwater numerical simulation model was constructed using MODFLOW. The model was used to quantitatively evaluate the impact of an IBWTP located in the upstream portion of Nalenggele River (the biggest river in the Qaidam basin, Northwest China). The impact involved decrease in spring flow, drawdown of groundwater, reduction in oasis area, and an increase in species replacement of oasis vegetation in the midstream and downstream of the river. Results show that the emergence sites of springs at the front of the oasis will move 2–5 km downstream, and the outflow of springs will decrease by 42 million m³/a. The maximum drawdown of groundwater level at the front of the oasis will be 3.6 m and the area across which groundwater drawdown exceeds 2.0 m will be about 59.02 km², accounting for 2.71% of the total area of the oasis. Under such conditions, reeds will gradually be replaced by Tamarix, shrubs, and other alternative plant species. These findings have important implications for the optimization of water resource allocation and protection of the eco-environment in arid regions.     

A disaggregation approach for estimating high spatial resolution broadband emissivity for bare soils from Landsat surface reflectance

High spatial resolution land surface broadband emissivity (BBE) is not only useful for surface energy balance studies at local scales, but also can bridge the gap between existing coarser resolution BBE products and point-based field measurements. This study proposes a disaggregation approach that utilizes the established BBE–reflectance relationship for estimating high spatial resolution BBE for bare soils from Landsat surface reflectance data. The disaggregated BBE is compared to the BBE calculated from spatial–temporal matched Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer emissivity product. Comparison results show that better agreement is achieved over relative homogeneous areas, but deteriorated over heterogeneous and cloud-contaminated areas. In addition, field-measured emissivity data over large homogeneous desert were also used to validate the disaggregated BBE, and the bias is 0.005. The comparison and validation results indicated that the disaggregation approach can obtain high spatial resolution BBE with better accuracy for homogeneous area.     

基于公里网格单元的地震滑坡人员死亡率评估模型——以2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震为例

为提高地震人员伤亡预评估的准确性,完善地震灾害损失评估模型,科学评估地震地质灾害可能造成的人员伤亡数量,以2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震滑坡人员死亡数据为样本,建立了一种基于公里网格单元的地震滑坡人员死亡率logistic回归模型。采用F检验法对所建模型的合理性进行检验,计算得到的F值无限接近于1,表明模型无限接近于完全模型,具有极好的数学统计意义。根据模型评估的死亡率反演得到鲁甸地震灾区滑坡致死人数为233人,比实际少17人,总精确度为93.20%,实际死亡人数与模型识别人数在空间上也有很好的一致性,说明计算得到的地震滑坡人员死亡率是实际死亡人数的良好指标。     

Study on the geological conditions of metallogenesis of the Shazi large-scale anatase deposit in Qinglong County,Guizhou Province

The Shazi large-scale anatase deposit in Qinglong County, Guizhou Province, has been discovered recently and now is under exploration. Investigations show that the orebodies mostly occur at the top of the karst unconformity of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation strata and at the bottom of the Emeishan basalt. And the following three prerequisites should be satisfied for the formation of the deposit： 1） there must be the material source of anatase; 2） there must be weekly alkaline media and low-tempeature and low-pressure conditions; 3） there was no high-temperature and high-pressure environment subsequently for the transformation of anatase into rutile. In the Emeishan basalt of western Guizhou, the element Ti mostly entered the silicon-oxygen tetrahedra of picrite in heterovalent isomorphism （Ti4＋＋Al3＋→Mg2＋＋Si4＋）. When volcanic ejecta resultant from strong eruption of the Emeishan basalt magma fell into water, picrite was usually dissociated to chlorite. Thus, the element Ti4＋ in the picrite could be released from the silicon-oxygen tetrahedraa of picrite into water, and conbined with oxygen in the water to form TiO2. This paper has proved that this deposit, enriched in anatase, discovered recently at Shazi, Qinglong Country, Guizhou Province, is a residual-deluvial-type deposit. Its genesis can be explained as follows. Volcanic clastics formed at the early stage of strong eruption of the Emeishan basalt magma were chemically deposited to form anatase in the low-temperature, low-pressure and weekly alkaline waters in the karst depressions at the top of the Maokou Formation （limestone） strata. The anatase was then dissociated owing to weathering and leaching during the Quaternary and the anatase was further enriched to form the residual-deluvial-type anatase ore deposit.     

内蒙古维拉斯托-拜仁达坝斑岩-热液脉状成矿体系研究

维拉斯托锡-钨-铷矿床是内蒙古克什克腾北部区新发现的一处大型斑岩型锡-钨-铷多金属矿床。矿床主要产出于锡林浩特杂岩和石炭纪石英闪长岩中,与石英斑岩体的侵位具有成因联系。该斑岩型矿床与之前发现的维拉斯托和拜仁达坝脉状矿床组成了一个由高温向中低温逐渐演化、过渡的斑岩-热液脉状锡-钨-铷-铜-锌-铅-银成矿体系。该成矿体系中成矿作用主要由四个阶段组成,即：(1)早期钠-钙-锶蚀变阶段锡-钨-铷矿化,(2)中期云英岩化阶段锡-钨矿化,(3)后期硅化、绢英岩化阶段铜-锌-铅-银矿化,以及(4)晚期无矿化阶段。钠-钙-锶蚀变阶段蚀变矿物主要为钠长石和天河石,伴随浸染状锡石、铁闪锌矿和黑钨矿化,含少量的毒砂和砷铋矿;云英岩化蚀变矿物主要为石英和棕色白云母,含少量的萤石,以锡石、黝铜矿和黑钨矿化为主,含少量的毒砂、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、铁闪锌矿、辉钼矿等;硅化-绢云母化蚀变矿物主要由石英、绿色绢云母、萤石组成,晚期蚀变叠加了明显的高岭土化、伊利石化和绿泥石化,该阶段形成大量的块状硫化物,以黄铁矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿、铁闪锌矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿和含银黝铜矿为主。成矿体系内金属矿物组合和蚀变矿物组合显示成矿热液具有低氧逸度、低硫逸度和偏酸性的特征。成矿体系具有明显的蚀变分带和元素分带。蚀变分带主要体现为深部石英斑岩体中的钠-钙-锶蚀变带,近岩体的云英岩化蚀变带,以及远离岩体的硅化、绢云母化蚀变带。元素分带主要体现为近源（岩体）为锡-钨-铷矿化,铜、锌、铅和银矿化则依次向外产出。从元素分带的特征显示成矿物质从持续向外流动的热液中顺序卸载可能是这种分带性形成的根本原因,这种分带特征也是成矿热液运移方向的直接指示。该成矿体系内强烈富集大离子亲石元素,显示岩浆阶段的分异是成矿物质积聚的原因。元素的分带特征显示,热液阶段的分异则是成矿物质卸载的原因。维拉斯托斑岩型锡-钨-铷多金属矿床的发现为该地区大量脉状铅-锌-银矿床指出了新的找矿方向。     

Effects of fatigue on the physiological parameters of labor employees

Human factors have contributed to the causes of several accidents. The physiological parameters change law of labor employees before and after fatigue is researched in this paper. The purpose of this research is to find the relationship between physiological parameters and fatigue, design corresponding fatigue monitoring and early warning system, reduce the accident rate and optimize the working environment. The labor employees’ heart rate, RR interval, respiration rate and blood pressure under fatigue state are determined in the laboratory. The change law of labor employees’ heart rate, RR interval, respiratory rate and blood pressure are analyzed based on the paired samples t test by using SPSS software. The results show that labor employees’ heart rate and RR interval have no significant difference before and after fatigue. Labor employees’ respiration rate has significant difference before and after fatigue: the respiration rate decreased after fatigue. Labor employees’ blood pressure has significant difference before and after fatigue: blood pressure of labor employees after fatigue can be elevated. The results provide a richer theoretical and practical basis in what criteria are used to determine the fatigue. It has important significance in the safety management field and accident prevention.     

LEO Enhanced Global Navigation Satellite System (LeGNSS):progress,opportunities, and challenges

With the completion of Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), the world has begun to enjoy the Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) services of ...