Sponges (Porifera) as living metazoan witnesses from the Neoproterozoic: biomineralization and the concept of their evolutionary success

The emergence of the Metazoa can be dated back to the Neoproterozoic Era which comprises the Cryogenian Period during which two major glaciations occurred, the Sturtian and the Varanger-Marinoan. At that time, the phylum Porifera (sponges) evolved as the first animals and developed a hard skeleton. The two classes of siliceous sponges, the Hexactinellida and the Demospongiae, are already provided with the major genetic repertoire and gene regulatory networks that also exist in modern multicellular animals. Besides these metazoan innovations, the siliceous sponges display one autapomorphic character, silicatein, an enzyme which mediates bio-silica formation. Well preserved siliceous sponge fossils have been excavated from the Cambrian Burgess Shale- and Chengjiang deposits. It is concluded that it was the hard skeleton of the siliceous sponges that contributed to the successful evolution and survival of the Porifera during the last 500 Ma.     

阿拉善地块南缘构造活动特征与青藏高原东北缘向外扩展的最新边界

青藏高原向北东方向扩展的方式及最新扩展边界的位置,是目前青藏高原东北缘构造变形研究的热点.基于近年来对阿拉善地块南缘及邻区活动构造运动特征调查和定量研究结果,重点总结了阿拉善地块南缘活动断裂几何图像及运动特征,指出以前普遍认为的稳定阿拉善地块内部在新生代晚期发育了一系列规模不等、运动性质各异的活动断裂,这些活动断裂是青...     

宜昌附近第四纪断层研究的新进展

通过野外地震地质调查，发现：（１）北东向新场—古老背断裂带的地表形迹和更新世多期活动的地层、构造岩证据；（２）近南北向虎牙第四纪断层及其粘滑快速断错的剩余形变特征；（３）北西向天阳坪断裂带南支早第四纪粘滑快速断错的剩余形变特征及其上覆晚更新世末期堆积（１４Ｃ１６４００±４３９年）未受断错所揭示的时间上限约束。     

Compositional characteristics of wolframite in tin deposits,Dupangling, Guangxi

Statistical data on major, trace and rare-earth elements in wolframite from the quartz vein-and greisen-type tin deposits in the Dupangling orefield reveal: (1) The components in wolframite can be divided into two relatively independent groups: the WO₃-Nb-Ta-Sc-REE group, in which WO₃ is negatively correlated with the others and the FeO-MnO-Sn group, in which MnO is negatively correlated with the other two; (2) In general, REE fractionation is not significant, reflected mainly by the separation of Eu from other REE’s. LREE and HREE increase or decrease simultaneously, with HREE being more variable; (3) Nb, Ta, Sc, REE substitute for W, and Sn may enter into wolframite lattice accompanied by Fe-Mn substitution; (4) In contrast to wolframite in quartz veins, which is poor in REE, Nb, Ta and Sc and has highδ Eu values and LREE / HREE and Nb/Ta ratios, wolframite in greisen is rich in REE, Nb, Ta, Sc and has lowδ Eu values and LREE/HREE and Nb/Ta ratios; and (5) The contents and ratios of trace elements and REE partitioning parameters of wolframite can be used as guide for prospecting.     

Sedimentary record of black carbon in the Pearl River estuary and adjacent northern South China Sea

The concentrations of black carbon (BC) and δ¹³C_BC were determined in sediments of three dated cores from the Pearl River estuary (core PR-3) and adjacent northern South China Sea (cores SS-30, E2). For comparison, the total organic C (TOC) contents and δ¹³C_TOC in the sediments were also measured. Relatively higher concentrations and fluxes of BC were found in sedimentary core PR-3, taken in the Pearl River estuary. The BC concentration profiles or fluxes correlated well with fossil-fuel usage in the Pearl River Delta. Maximum BC fluxes occurred in the late 1970s to early 1980s as recorded in core PR-3, and in the 1950s (core SS-30), reflecting the maximum BC emission in the Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong region, respectively. After the 1980s, a rapid decrease of BC fluxes and a light δ¹³C_BC excursion were presumably due to improvements in combustion and pollution-control technologies and a shift of energy structure from biomass and coal to a mixture of coal, gas, oil and biomass. The fossil BC that contributed to total BC in core PR-3 increased from 20–30% to 70–80% during the last five decades. The study also shows that BC correlates well with terrestrial organic matter and that the ratio of BC to TOC is a good pollution indicator in relation to anthropogenic activities.     

水体中痕量挥发性有机物单体碳同位素组成的固相微萃取-冷阱预富集GC-IRMS分析

单体碳同位素分析是进行污染物来源判识与过程示踪的有力工具 ,然而有机污染物浓度低、难以萃取富集 ,极大地限制了该技术的广泛应用 .采用固相微萃取 -冷阱富集GC -IRMS技术对水中痕量挥发性有机物进行了单体碳稳定同位素分析 ,样品经SPME萃取富集后在色谱进样口冷冻成形 ,样品多次进样得以累积从而满足了检测限的要求 .本方法检出限较目前文献所报道的SPME方法提高了 1个数量级 .在优化的条件下 ,对低浓度的三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、苯以及甲苯的水溶液进行了单体碳同位素组成测定 ,测定结果与纯液相中的同位素值相比 ,同位素分析误差不超过 0 .5× 10 -3 ,而分析的精度达到± 0 .3× 10 -3 .固相微萃取 -冷阱富集可以提供高效准确的单体碳同位素分析 ,该方法适用于水体中痕量挥发性有机污染物的同位素组成测定 .     

三万年来南沙海区古环境重建:生物标志物定量与单体碳同位素研究

17962钻孔沉积物提供了南沙海区3万年来古气候、古环境变化的高分辨沉积记录。通过对314个柱状样沉积物进行有机分析，提取了相关的古环境信息，揭示出南沙海区末次冰期的古海洋环境及古气候是不稳定的，水生生物来源的生物标志物沉积通量在冰期出现了较大的波动，H3时出现了海洋生产力增大事件；陆源指标如高碳类脂物的沉积通量，既反映了陆源物对南沙海区海洋沉积的贡献，又揭示了造成末次冰期南沙海区陆源物质增高的古气候事件。高碳正烷烃、长链脂肪醇、长链脂肪酸的单体化合物碳同位素δ^13C值:—34．2‰-—28．6‰、—35．8‰-—26．6‰、—31．8‰-—27．1‰都显示其陆源C3植物输入的特征，末次冰期的普遍的干旱化在这一地区并不存在。这些化合物的堆积速率在H3都出现了极大值，反映出在南海海平面降低，巽它陆架出露背景下这一时期丰富的季风降雨导致河流洪水泛滥，从而引起南沙海区输入的陆源营养元素增多，海洋表层生产力增高。     

两种贯通潜孔锤反循环钻头应用效果及理论分析

对于矿区钻孔作业存在的粉尘污染严重、岩矿心采取困难等问题,常规金刚石钻进取心难以满足现场施工要求。采用贯通式潜孔锤反循环连续取心技术替代常规金刚石取心工艺,在保证了较高钻进效率的同时,可有效解决干旱缺水矿区存在的取心及其引起的污染问题,保障施工人员的身体健康。为此,笔者所在课题组研发了两种新型潜孔锤反循环钻头并进行了野外试验,同时,运用LSDYNA数值模拟对设计的两种反循环钻头进行了强度分析。试验结果表明,两种钻头均具有较好的碎岩钻进效果,但花键内喷孔式反循环钻头易发生断裂;数值模拟分析结果显示,钻头的最大应力远高于材料疲劳极限是造成钻头破坏的根本原因,数值模拟结果与试验结果取得了较好的一致性。由此证实了花键内喷孔式反循环钻头结构存在缺陷,设计时应尽量避免在内喷孔周围设置环槽,以保证钻头体强度。     

金沙江下游支流黑水河松新电站鱼道过鱼效果监测与评估

松新鱼道建设是恢复金沙江白鹤滩库区鱼类生境替代支流——黑水河连通性的重要工程措施之一,其过鱼效果备受关注。本研究以黑水河松新鱼道为研究对象,通过网捕法和射频识别遥测技术(RFID)开展松新鱼道过鱼效果监测与评估研究。结果表明:(1)黑水河松新坝址下游共监测到19种鱼类,其中12种鱼类可以顺利通过鱼道抵达上游河道;(2)鱼道进出口鱼类多样性受到鱼类洄游动机影响呈现季节性规律,非洄游期(12月)鱼道进出口鱼类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著低于洄游期(次年3、5月);(3)松新鱼道主要过鱼对象短须裂腹鱼的进口吸引率为31.50%,通过率可达44.44%。利用张网监测数据发现:当水温超过20℃时,过鱼种类和数量随着水温的升高呈递减趋势;当鱼道内流量超过0.50 m³/s时,过鱼种类和数量随着鱼道内流量的增大而呈递减趋势。为识别影响鱼道过鱼效果的关键因素,选取短须裂腹鱼为研究对象,构建了基于多因素(鱼道内流量、水温、昼夜节律、pH、湿重、体长等)的Cox风险比例回归模型,研究发现:鱼道内流量、水温和昼夜节律是影响短须裂腹鱼上溯效果的关键因素;当水温变化范围为14...     

植被变化对中国区域气候的影响Ⅰ:初步模拟结果

利用区域气候模式（RegCM2）对中国植被变化的气候影响进行了模拟研究,结果表明:江淮流域洪涝灾害增多及华北干旱的加剧可能是北方草原沙漠化与南方长绿阔叶林退化共同影响的结果,而且南方植被退化对其的影响似乎更严重。严重的植被退化会导致降水与植被退化之间的正反馈,易使退化区不断向外扩展且退化难以恢复。而程度较轻的植被退化,退化与降水减少之间是一种负反馈,当人为压力减弱后,退化较易恢复,但由于地表径流的增加,易导致洪涝灾害的发生。植被退化使气候变得更加恶劣,而北方草原植被增加使气候变得温和。但植树区外围的降水减少,易使新栽树林由外向内退化,说明目前的北方草原区气候似乎不支持在该地区出现大面积的森林。