坡顶加载时黏性土坡土钉加固前后的离心模型试验比较研究

为研究坡顶加载条件下黏性土坡的承载特性和变形规律,进行了素土坡和土钉加固土坡的加载离心模型试验。测量了土坡的承载和变形过程。通过对比两种土坡的承载特性和变性规律,土钉的加固作用体现在：限制了土坡向坡面方向的位移,使土坡的承载能力得到了明显提高;在加固土坡内形成的土钉影响区域改善了加载底板边缘处的薄弱程度;增大了土坡中上部土体的竖向压缩变形,减小了剪切变形,增强了土坡的稳定性。土坡上部土钉的加固效果随着坡顶荷载的增大而越明显;土坡中下部土与土钉的相互作用越靠近坡面越强     

降雨条件下土坡变形机制的离心模型试验研究

自行研制了离心场降雨模拟设备,进行了降雨条件下边坡的离心模型试验。试验模型在离心机中加载到50g,然后开始降雨。采用非接触位移测量系统测量了试验过程中边坡的位移场变化,通过T5张力计测量边坡中典型点的吸力变化。试验结果表明,边坡的位移随降雨量的增大逐渐发展,发生明显变形的区域也逐渐变大,主要集中在边坡表面。边坡某处应变迅速变化的时刻与土体含水率迅速增大的时刻相一致。边坡某点的应变随降雨量的增加不断增大,并存在2个拐点,形成湿润锋和稳定锋2个锋面,并把边坡分成3个区域,通过锋面的变化反映降雨条件下边坡的变形过程。     

地下水开采对桥梁结构影响的离心模型试验研究

地下水开采是导致地面不均匀沉降的重要因素之一,而地面不均匀沉降又会对桥梁结构造成较大的危害。通过离心模型试验研究了离心场中地基抽水对桥梁结构物的影响。在自主研制的离心场中地基抽水对结构物影响的模拟和测量系统基础上,测量了抽水过程中粉土地基中沉降的变化以及桥梁结构的变形分布规律,探讨了地面不均匀沉降对刚性桥梁、简支桥梁以及简支连续桥梁的影响规律。试验结果表明,水井抽水的初期非稳定渗流期是桥梁变形发展最快的阶段;减小桥垮长度以及桥面桥墩改用铰连接都可以使得桥面轴向应变减小;地基的水平位移会给刚性桥梁中部带来较大的变形     

Fluvial response to climatic and anthropogenic forcing in the Moselle drainage basin (NE France) during historical periods: evidence from OSL dating

The aim of this paper is to study a low energy fluvial system response to natural and anthropogenic forcing during the last two millennia. In contrast with longer timescales (Holocene to Quaternary), historical sedimentary archives are sparse in such systems which are typically characterized by the predominance of erosion compared with aggradation. We studied three main sections in the Moselle valley (northeastern France) by a multi‐proxy approach combining morphology, sedimentology, archaeological evidence, historical archives, and dating. The geochronological framework was based on Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and validated by independent age control. The exposed sediments were allocated to different historical periods from Roman period to present. The first results show that, in contrast with many other fluvial systems, the Moselle and its tributaries did not experience major changes during historical periods. Climatic changes such as the Little Ice Age had a minor influence on floodplain aggradation (e.g. in grain size or sedimentation rates) in the Moselle valley and were only able to affect the fluvial style. This provides evidence that the reworking of sediments is the main fluvial process at short timescales in the valley floors of the Moselle catchment. In contrast, anthropogenic forcing seems important not only during recent centuries but also since Roman times. This is suggested by the case‐study of the Metz‐Mazelle section where significant headward erosion and sedimentation were recognized, and may be related to human occupation. The results therefore point to a need for increasing geoarchaeological and geochronological research in the Moselle catchment and similar low energy fluvial systems. Such research is actually essential to improve the knowledge of the fluvial response to environmental changes during the historical periods and to recognize the respective influence of natural variability and human forcing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mantle-driven geodynamo features – Effects of compositional and narrow D″ anomalies

Lower mantle heterogeneity could cause deviations from axial symmetry in geodynamo properties. Global tomography models are commonly used to infer the pattern of core–mantle boundary heat flux via a linear relation that corresponds to a purely thermal interpretation of lower mantle seismic anomalies, ignoring both non-thermal origins and non-resolved small scales. Here we study the possible impact on the geodynamo of narrow thermal anomalies in the base of the mantle, originating from either compositional heterogeneity or sharp margins of large-scale features. A heat flux boundary condition composed of a large-scale pattern and narrow ridges separating the large-scale positive and negative features is imposed on numerical dynamos. We find that hot ridges located to the west of a positive large-scale core–mantle boundary heat flux anomaly produce a time-average narrow elongated upwelling, a flow barrier at the top of the core and intensified low-latitudes magnetic flux patches. When the ridge is located to the east of a positive core–mantle boundary heat flux anomaly, the associated upwelling is weaker and the homogeneous dynamo westward drift leaks, precluding persistent intense low-latitudes magnetic flux patches. These signatures of the core–mantle boundary heat flux ridge are evident in the north–south component of the thermal wind balance. Based on the pattern of lower mantle seismic tomography (Masters et al., 2000), we hypothesize that hot narrow thermal ridges below central Asia and the Indian Ocean and below the American Pacific coast produce time-average fluid upwelling and a barrier for azimuthal flow at the top of the core. East of these ridges, below east Asia and Oceania and below the Americas, time-average intense geomagnetic flux patches are expected.     

水平荷载作用下风电机桩基础的离心模型试验研究

桩基础是近海风机经常采用的基础形式。由于风电机组对基础的承载力和变形有着严格的要求,而水平荷载常常是控制荷载,因此,研究水平荷载作用下风机桩基础的应力、变形特性具有重要意义。针对风机单桩基础,选取典型的黏土地基,进行了水平加载条件下的离心模型试验,重点分析了桩身的响应及桩周围土体的变形特点。试验结果表明,在水平荷载作用下,桩顶的水平位移随着水平力的增加而增加,位移的增加速率在临界荷载之后增长较快;桩身弯矩分别在埋深1/5和3/5处附近分别出现极大值和极小值,且桩底具有一定弯矩值;桩周围土体的变形随着离桩距离的增加而减小,可分为主动区和被动区。桩对土体变形的影响区域随着水平力的增加而不断扩展,最后基本稳定在2倍桩径范围内。     

Origin of X-ray emission from transient black hole candidates in quiescence

We report results from a systematic study of X-ray emission from black hole transients in quiescence. In this state, mass accretion is thought to follow the geometry of an outer optically thick, geometrically thin disc and an inner optically thin, geometrically thick radiatively inefficient accretion flow (RIAF). The inner flow is likely also coupled to the jets near the black hole that are often seen in such systems. The goal of the study is to see whether the X-ray emission in the quiescent state is mainly powered by the accretion flow or by the jets. Using data from deep XMM – Newton observations of selected black hole transients, we have found that the quiescent X-ray spectra are, to a high precision, of power-law shape in the cases of GRO J1655-40 and V404 Cyg. Such spectra deviate significantly from the expected X-ray spectrum of the RIAF at very low-accretion rates. On the other hand, they can naturally be explained by emission from the jets, if the emitting electrons follow a power-law spectral distribution (as is often assumed). The situation remains ambiguous in the case of XTE J1550-564, due to the relatively poorer quality of the data. We discuss the implication of the results.     

Sea Surface Salinity Observations from Space with the SMOS Satellite: A New Means to Monitor the Marine Branch of the Water Cycle

While it is well known that the ocean is one of the most important component of the climate system, with a heat capacity 1,100 times greater than the atmosphere, the ocean is also the primary reservoir for freshwater transport to the atmosphere and largest component of the global water cycle. Two new satellite sensors, the ESA Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and the NASA Aquarius SAC-D missions, are now providing the first space-borne measurements of the sea surface salinity (SSS). In this paper, we present examples demonstrating how SMOS-derived SSS data are being used to better characterize key land–ocean and atmosphere–ocean interaction processes that occur within the marine hydrological cycle. In particular, SMOS with its ocean mapping capability provides observations across the world’s largest tropical ocean fresh pool regions, and we discuss from intraseasonal to interannual precipitation impacts as well as large-scale river runoff from the Amazon–Orinoco and Congo rivers and its offshore advection. Synergistic multi-satellite analyses of these new surface salinity data sets combined with sea surface temperature, dynamical height and currents from altimetry, surface wind, ocean color, rainfall estimates, and in situ observations are shown to yield new freshwater budget insight. Finally, SSS observations from the SMOS and Aquarius/SAC-D sensors are combined to examine the response of the upper ocean to tropical cyclone passage including the potential role that a freshwater-induced upper ocean barrier layer may play in modulating surface cooling and enthalpy flux in tropical cyclone track regions.     

西藏地区近期植被变化的遥感分析

利用2000—2007年的归一化植被指数,分析了近期西藏地区植被的分布状况及变化趋势,从气候条件、人类活动及其他因素等3个方面讨论了典型区域(那曲地区)植被减少的原因。结果表明,植被覆盖最好的区域是林芝及山南南部,其次是昌都、拉萨及那曲东部;不同地区的植被有显著的季节差异。近年来西藏部分地区的植被状况有所改善,植被覆盖减少最严重的区域位于那曲中东部,就全区平均而言,植被覆盖明显减少时段出现在2003—2006年之间;降水量增加(减少)、风速减少(增加)基本对应着植被覆盖的增加(减少)。近期那曲地区气温升高、降水量减少,可能导致植被覆盖减少;人口增长,城市化加剧,过度放牧,有毒植物增多,中草药的挖掘,地下矿产资源的开采以及严重的草地鼠害、虫害等都导致了那曲地区植被覆盖的减少。     

Chemical and isotopic variations in the Wiśniówka Mała mine pit water,Holy Cross Mountains (south-central Poland)

In 2005 and 2006, hydrogeochemical study was carried out in the bipartite Wiśniówka Mała pit lake of the Holy Cross Mountains (south-central Poland). This is the largest acidic water body in Poland. This report presents the element concentrations in the water and sediment, stable sulfur and oxygen isotope ratios in the soluble sulfates, and stable oxygen isotope ratio in the water. The scope of the investigation also encompassed mineralogical examinations (scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction) of the sediment. The results of this study show that there is a spatial and temporal variability in concentrations of most elements and sulfur isotope ratios in the examined pit lake. The water of the western pond displayed a lower pH with a mean of 3.73 and higher conductivity (390 μS cm⁻¹) as well as higher concentrations of sulfates (156 mg L⁻¹) and most of the cations and anions. The concentrations of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ averaged 0.8 and 0.4 mg·L⁻¹. In contrast, the eastern pond water revealed a higher pH (mean of 4.36), lower conductivity (293 μS cm⁻¹) and lower sulfate (90 mg L⁻¹) and trace metal levels. Similar variations were recorded in the stable sulfur isotope ratios. The δ³⁴S_V-CDT(SO₄ ²⁻) values in the water of the western pit pond were in the range of −6.7 to −4.6‰ (mean of −5.6‰), whereas that in the eastern pit pond ranged from −2.2 to −0.9‰ (−1.6‰). The alkalinity of the entire lake water was below 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ CaCO₃. No distinct difference in the δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW(SO₄ ²⁻) was noted between the western and eastern pit ponds. Compared to the Purple Pond in the Sudetes (Poland) and similar sites throughout the world, the examined pit lake is highlighted by distinctly low concentrations of sulfates, iron and other trace metals. Based on this and other studies performed in the Holy Cross Mountains, a conclusion can be drawn that the SO₄ ²⁻ in the Wiśniówka Mała pit lake water is a mixture of SO₄ ²⁻ derived from the following sources: (1) pyrite oxidation (especially in the western pond water), (2) leaching of soluble sulfates from soils and waste material, as well as (3) subordinate deposition of airborne sulfate precipitation.