基于瑞典条分法的应变软化边坡稳定性评价方法

引入简化的应变协调方程,基于瑞典条分法的基本原理,提出一个新的能够考虑土的剪应力-应变关系的应变软化边坡稳定性简化分析方法。推导了该方法的计算公式,提出了具体算法并编制了计算程序,分析了不同应变软化特性的边坡稳定性。实际应用表明,该方法简单可靠、效率较高,计算所采用的分条数量和初始滑裂面位置对计算结果精度的影响均很小。应变软化边坡的安全系数介于基于峰值强度和残余强度的极限平衡条分法计算结果之间,具体数值不仅取决于土的抗剪强度指标,还与其剪应力-应变关系密切相关。     

粗粒土与结构接触面三维本构关系及数值模型

基于试验结果,探讨了粗粒土与结构接触面的三维力学特性,该接触面在三维剪切时两个方向上的剪应力-应变关系表现出较强的耦合特性,但其主剪应变的大小只与主剪应力的大小有关。基于提出的接触面弹塑性损伤理论,建立了描述三维条件下接触面力学特性的本构模型及其数值格式。编制了有关程序,采用该模型对接触面的力学响应进行了预测。预测结果表明,建立的接触面三维本构关系及数值模型是合理和可行的,能够较好地反映包括剪切耦合特性在内的接触面主要力学特性。     

基于2001～2009年MODIS资料的西藏地区大气可降水量分布特征

利用2001~2009年MODIS近红外的大气可降水的逐月资料,分析了西藏地区大气可降水量时空分布特征及与实际降水量之间的关系。结果表明:西藏大气可降水量时空分布不均匀,空间分布由东南至西北递减;7、8月份大气可降水量最大,夏季大气可降水量占全年的50%;2001~2009年间西藏大气可降水量呈增加趋势,阿里地区、山南地区以及昌都地区增加明显;大气可降水量与实际降水量呈明显负相关,相关系数为-0.688。      

1980-2009年西藏地区水汽输送的气候特征

利用1980-2009年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析格点资料, 分析了近30 a来西藏地区水汽输送的气候特征. 结果表明: 1)西边界和南边界为水汽流入边界, 北边界和东边界为水汽流出边界; 夏季水汽总输入量最大, 冬季最小且季节差异显著; 春季水汽总输出量最大, 冬季最小且季节差异不明显; 春、 冬季为净水汽支出, 夏、 秋季为净水汽收入; 2)无论是年还是不同季节平均, 近30 a来西边界水汽输入量、 北边界水汽输出量基本呈现增加趋势或弱的减少趋势, 东边界水汽输出量、 南边界水汽输入量基本呈现减少趋势; 总水汽输入、 输出量均呈现减少趋势; 年、 夏季、 秋季净收入量呈现减少趋势, 春季、 冬季净支出量呈现增加趋势; 3)西藏地区冬、 春、 秋季的水汽主要来自中纬度西风带水汽输送, 夏季水汽主要来自阿拉伯海、 孟加拉湾、 南海和西太平洋地区, 夏季南边界的水汽输送状况对西藏地区降水起着决定性作用.     

西藏玛旁雍错湿地资源及其保护利用

玛旁雍错湿地是西藏高原典型的脆弱生态系统,拥有比较丰富的动植物和旅游资源,具有重要的生态保护利用价值。玛旁雍错湿地目前存在的主要问题为:湖泊周围固体废弃物污染较严重;过度放牧、湿地周边植被破坏、湿地周围蝗虫和鼠(兔)害严重、气候变暖干等因素导致湿地系统内土地沙化和荒漠化日趋加剧;湿地面积日趋萎缩;野生动物资源受到严重威胁。针对上述问题,提出了该湿地资源保护利用的具体措施。     

Analysis of leaky sheetpile by Summary Representation

A numerical technique called Summary Representation was used to solve the problem of seepage through a leaky sheetpile; this particular method was selected owing to its accuracy and computational speed. Seepage parameters were evaluated quantitatively and the influence of the leakiness of sheetpiles in a porous medium underlain by an impervious horizontal stratum was determined. The case of a single sheetpile was first considered, and the effect of the depth of penetration and coefficient of leakiness on the total rate of flow and on the values of the exit gradient was analysed. Next, the flow under an impervious dam was considered to assess the accuracy of the method. Finally, the case of seepage under a dam with leaky sheetpiles at both ends was studied, including the effect of the leaky sheetpiles on the uplift pressure acting along the foundation of the dam. Patterns of seepage through the flow line deformation that is caused by the leakiness of the sheetpiles.     

The protection of groundwater dependent ecosystems in Otago, New Zealand

Surface waters (streams, rivers, and wetlands) are the most important groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs) in Otago, New Zealand. Pumping wells in the vicinity can deplete water in the GDE. In Otago, most of the surface water resources are allocated and a method, which would assist in the implementation of water management policy, is needed to acknowledge the strong hydraulic link between surface and shallow groundwater. A simplified method has been developed which derives a numerical relationship between the bore pumping rate and the distance between the bore and surface water body beyond which depletion is considered insignificant. A range of GDE depletion scenarios are examined at various combinations of hydraulic parameters to find a minimum distance for a given pumping rate, at which 90% of the modelled surface water depletion scenarios become less than a threshold GDE depletion after a specified time. A buffer zone, based on the minimum distance is placed around GDEs, and groundwater abstraction rights within the buffer are subject to stricter rules. Applicants wishing to abstract from bores within the buffer zone will need to address the environmental impact of the proposed activity on the GDE.