The Thermodynamic Structure of Arctic Coastal Fog Occurring During the Melt Season over East Greenland

An automated method to classify Arctic fog into distinct thermodynamic profiles using historic in-situ surface and upper-air observations is presented. This classification is applied to low-resolution Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) soundings and high-resolution Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS) soundings in low- and high-Arctic coastal and pack-ice environments. Results allow investigation of fog macrophysical properties and processes in coastal East Greenland during melt seasons 1980–2012. Integrated with fog observations from three synoptic weather stations, 422 IGRA soundings are classified into six fog thermodynamic types based on surface saturation ratio, type of temperature inversion, fog-top height relative to inversion-base height and stability using the virtual potential temperature gradient. Between 65–80% of fog observations occur with a low-level inversion, and statically neutral or unstable surface layers occur frequently. Thermodynamic classification is sensitive to the assigned dew-point depression threshold, but categorization is robust. Despite differences in the vertical resolution of radiosonde observations, IGRA and ASCOS soundings yield the same six fog classes, with fog-class distribution varying with latitude and environmental conditions. High-Arctic fog frequently resides within an elevated inversion layer, whereas low-Arctic fog is more often restricted to the mixed layer. Using supplementary time-lapse images, ASCOS microwave radiometer retrievals and airmass back-trajectories, we hypothesize that the thermodynamic classes represent different stages of advection fog formation, development, and dissipation, including stratus-base lowering and fog lifting. This automated extraction of thermodynamic boundary-layer and inversion structure can be applied to radiosonde observations worldwide to better evaluate fog conditions that affect transportation and lead to improvements in numerical models.     

Remapping Fictional Worlds: A Comparative Reconstruction of Fictional Maps

ABSTRACT

This article presents a quantitative analysis of fictional maps and their relation to historic maps from different periods. Fictional maps are maps of imaginary territories. This type of map is now common in fiction, but they arose relatively late, in the second half of the nineteenth century, and are considered an independent branch of cartography today. They stand out through the way they are published because they are component parts of books and not independent cartographic works, and therefore their creators are not cartographers but rather the authors of these books. Fictional maps are mostly subordinate to the story, but they serve to give a sense of historical authenticity and draw the reader into the story. Without networks of coordinates and with labels such as ‘the end of the world’, they are spatially indeterminate, but they establish a connection between the fictional landscape and its identity. This study deals with 89 fictional maps from recent children’s and young adult literature. First we present a historical overview of these works and fictional maps, and then a cartographic analysis of fictional maps. We examined seventy-seven books with fictional maps and evaluated the maps according to five groups of standard cartographic elements: natural elements, built elements, toponyms, mathematical elements, and explanatory elements. We discuss the differences between cartographic representation of fictional maps and historic maps, and build a cartographic model based on the frequency of cartographic elements to put fictional maps into historic and geographical contexts.     

Flow toward periodic tile drains

The method of conformal mapping is applied to the analysis of transient flow toward parallel periodic drains in a semi-infinite aquifer taking into consideration the non-linear boundary conditions on the free surface. The mapping function is expressed as a power series in time and the seepage domain is mapped onto a domain of an auxiliary complex variable. Mapping is performed in such a manner that the free surface will always remain the real axis. Calculations are carried out for different ratios of drain depth to drain spacing using various drain diameter to depth ratios.     

青藏高原春末土壤湿度对初夏降水的影响

为了研究青藏高原(简称高原)春末(5月)土壤湿度与初夏(6月)降水的关系,利用1979-2019年ERA-Interim土壤湿度月平均资料和同时段高原109站观测降水资料,分析了高原春季土壤湿度与汛期(5-9月)降水之间的关系.结果 表明:春末表层(0～28 cm)土壤湿度与高原初夏降水呈显著的正相关,在空间上土壤湿度...     

Failure behavior of soil-rock mixture slopes based on centrifuge model test

The stability of soil-rock mixtures(SRMs) that widely distributed in slopes is of significant concern for slope safety evaluation and disaster prevention. The failure behavior of SRM slopes under surface loading conditions was investigated through a series of centrifuge model tests considering various volumetric gravel contents. The displacement field of the slope was determined with image-based displacement system to observe the deformation of the soil and the movement of the block during loading in the tests. The test results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity and the stiffness of SRM slopes increased evidently when the volumetric block content exceeded a threshold value. Moreover, there were more evident slips around the blocks in the SRM slope. The microscopic analysis of the block motion showed that the rotation of the blocks could aggravate the deformation localization to facilitate the development of the slip surface. The high correlation between the rotation of the key blocks and the slope failure indicated that the blocks became the dominant load-bearing medium that influenced the slope failure. The blocks in the sliding body formed a chain to bear the load and change the displacement distribution of the adjacent matrix sand through the block rotation.     

各向异性对积石峡面板堆石坝渗流的影响分析

面板堆石坝的坝料在填筑过程中由于碾压等原因而表现出较强的各向异性。采用固定网格有限元全场各向异性渗流分析方法,对积石峡面板堆石坝进行了正常和面板出现裂缝等非常工况条件下的二、三维渗流分析,计算了大坝渗流量和渗流场,探讨了面板裂缝的位置对渗透的影响。计算结果表明,在正常工况条件下,大坝具有良好的渗透稳定性。面板不同的裂缝位置对大坝渗流影响不同。     

Centrifuge modeling of the geogrid-reinforced slope subjected to differential settlement

A series of centrifuge model tests of geogrid-reinforced slopes with superstructure was conducted under differential settlement condition. The influence of reinforcement placement on the deformation and failure behavior of the slope and superstructure is investigated by considering different numbers of geogrid layers. The response of the slope and superstructure is analyzed based on a full-field displacement measurement via image analysis. The differential settlement induces distinguishable superstructure movement and slope deformation above the subsidence zone. The slope displacement, close to the vertical direction, appears only in a limited zone. An integrated analysis scheme of deformation and failure processes is adopted to reveal the failure mechanism of both the unreinforced and reinforced slopes: a certain level of deformation localization induced by differential settlement results in the local failure, and adversely, the local failure aggravates the deformation localization near it. The geogrid reinforcement mechanism is further clarified as the reduction on the deformation localization of the slope due to geogrid placement. The geogrid reinforcement effect can be comprehensively described with two respects: hooping effect and shielding effect, which illustrates the influence sphere and degree of geogrid reinforcement on restraining the slope deformation. The geogrid reinforcement is proven effective to improve the safety of the slope and superstructure.

     

Comparison of precipitation products to observations in Tibet during the rainy season

Precipitation is an important component of global water and energy transport and a major aspect of climate change. Due to the scarcity of meteorological observations, the precipitation climate over Tibet has been insufficiently documented. In this study, the distribution of precipitation during the rainy season over Tibet from 1980 to 2013 is described on monthly to annual time scales with meteorological observations. Furthermore, four precipitation products are compared to observations over Tibet. These datasets include products derived from the Asian Precipitation-Highly-Resolved Observational Data(APHRO), the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC), the University of Delaware(UDel), and the China Meteorological Administration(CMA). The error, relative error, standard deviation, root-mean-square error, correlations and trends between these products for the same period are analyzed with in situ precipitation during the rainy season from May to September. The results indicate that these datasets can broadly capture the temporal and spatial precipitation distribution over Tibet. The precipitation gradually increases from northwest to southeast. The spatial precipitation in GPCC and CMA are similar and positively correlated to observations. Areas with the largest deviations are located in southwestern Tibet along the Himalayas. The APHRO product underestimates, while the UDel, GPCC, and CMA datasets overestimates precipitation on the basis of monthly and inter-annual variation. The biases in GPCC and CMA are smaller than those in APHRO and UDel with a mean relative error lower than 10% during the same periods. The linear trend of precipitation indicates that the increase in precipitation has accelerated extensively during the last 30 years in most regions of Tibet. The CMA generally achieves the best performance of these four precipitation products. Data uncertainty in Tibet might be caused by the low density of stations, complex topography between the grid points and stations, and the interpolation methods, which can also produce an obvious difference between the gridded data and observations.     

表层液化地基中结构与桩惯性相互作用简化分析方法

传统桩基础结构抗震设计中一般认为忽略结构与桩基础相互作用影响使得结构所受惯性作用计算结果偏于保守,但对几次强震中地震动反应谱和桩基础结构震害特征的总结与分析表明,液化作用和结构与桩基础相互作用可能导致桩基础结构惯性作用增强。通过可液化地基中桩基础结构的动力离心模型试验手段,分析了地基液化对结构与桩惯性相互作用的影响,发展了适用于表层液化地基中的结构与桩惯性相互作用的简化计算方法,并利用该方法对文中及Wilson等的离心模型试验进行分析,得到的结构加速度与试验结果吻合较好,从而验证了方法的有效性。