Integrated analysis of a coupled mechanism for the failure processes of pile-reinforced slopes

A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted to investigate the failure mechanism of pile-reinforced slopes under self-weight loading and vertical loading conditions. An integrated analysis method was proposed based on the image-based measurement results of the displacement of the slope in the tests. The failure process of a pile-reinforced slope was quantified based on the measured deformation process over the entire slope, which was shown to depend primarily on the loading conditions. The deformation localisation was discovered in the slope during loading and was effectively described using a newly introduced index, the Diversity Factor of Displacement (DFD). The deformation localisation of the slope developed and caused the progressive formation of the slip surface. At the same time, a local failure at a point on the slip surface resulted in new deformation localisation, and the influence expanded with the centre of the failure point and waned with increasing distance from the failure point. The deformation localisation process and the deformation-failure process of the piles interacted as both cause and effect and developed alternately. The failure mechanism of the pile-reinforced slopes was used to explain the effects of several influencing factors on the bearing capacity of the reinforced slope, such as the pile spacing, pile location, and gradient of the slope.     

遥感技术在大狐狸山地区1：50000矿产远景调查中的应用

以内蒙古自治区西部阿拉善盟额济纳旗大狐狸山地区1：5万矿产远景调查为例,论述了遥感技术在1：5万矿产远景调查中的应用和具体工作方法。研究结果表明,在1：5万矿产远景调查中充分利用遥感技术,进行线性构造、环形构造、地质体的信息提取,利用主成分分析法有效提取矿化蚀变信息,在RGMAP数字平台,将工作区的标准影像图与其它数据源进行叠加整合,多轮回遥感地质解译成图,结合地质、物探、化探工作成果,快速有效地指导了地面找矿工作,对合理圈定找矿预测靶区起到了重要作用。     

Analysis of the organic matter of oil shales by nuclear magnetic resonance

¹³C NMR spectroscopy was applied in the investigation of the structure of the organic matter in oil shales. By using Proton Enhanced Nuclear Induction Spectroscopy, a fair resolution of aliphatic and aromatic carbon signals was achieved. This method provided information on the relative ratio of aliphatic and aromatic carbons within a given set of samples (Aleksinac, Kimmeridge, Colorado, Australian torbanite and Estonian kukersite).     

Proterozoic tectonic evolution and late Svecokarelian plate deformation of the Central Baltic Shield

The continental crust of the Central Baltic Shield evolved by accretion towards the west during the Svecokarelian orogeny 1700–2200 Ma ago. The following features are consistent with a plate tectonic mechanism involving subduction of oceanic crust below an Archean craton in the east: flysch-sediments with serpentinite masses and pillow lavas, linear high-grade metamorphic zones, island-arc type volcanic belts and late tectonic batholiths with porphyry type Cu-Mo deposits.Semi-consolidated new crust was affected by late Svecokarelian deformation (D_n) after 1850 Ma; NNE-trending folds with crenulation cleavage were overprinted on older structures together with associated NW trending ductile transcurrent shear zones that curve the F_n folds into gentle S and Z shapes. The late tectonic batholiths intruded partly at the same time as and partly after the D_n deformation.

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Zusammenfassung Die kontinentale Kruste des zentralen Baltischen Schildes entwickelte sich durch nach Westen gerichtetes Anwachsen während der Svecokarelischen Orogenese vor 1700 bis 2200 Ma. Die folgenden Erscheinungsformen lassen sich mit einem plattentektonischen Mechanismus in Einklang bringen, der Subduktion von ozeanischer Kruste unter einen Archaischen Kraton im Osten einschließt: Flysch-Sedimente mit Serpentinit-Massen und Kissenlaven, lineare hochmetamorphe Zonen, vulkanische Gürtel vom Inselbogen-Typ und spättektonische Batholithe mit porphyrischen Cu-Mo-Lagerstätten.Die halbkonsolidierte neue Kruste wurde durch späte Svecokarelische Deformation (D_n) nach 1850 Ma erfaßt; NNE-orientierte Falten mit Krenulationsschieferung wurden älteren Strukturen aufgeprägt in Verbindung mit NW-streichenden, plastischen Transcurrent-Scherzonen, die die F_n-Falten in sanfte S- und Z-Formen verbiegen. Die spättektonischen Batholithe intrudierten teils während, teils nach der D_n-Deformation.

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Résumé La croûte continentale du Boucher baltique central a évolué par voie d'accrétion vers l'ouest durant l'orogénie svécocarélienne 1700–2200 Ma. Les événements suivants sont en accord avec un mécanisme de tectonique de plaques impliquant la subduction d'une croûte océanique sous un craton archéen à l'est: sédiments flyschoïdes avec masses de serpentinite et de laves en coussins, zones linéaires à haut degré de métamorphisme, ceintures volcaniques du type guirlande d'îles et batholithes tectoniques tardifs avec gisements porphyriques de type Cu-Mo.La nouvelle croûte à semi-consolidée fut affectée par une déformation svécocarélienne tardive (D_n) postérieure à 1850 Ma. Des plis de direction NNE avec clivage de crénulation ont été superposés sur des structures plus anciennes, associés à des zones de cisaillement transcurrentes de direction NW qui ont incurvé les plis F_n suivant des formes en S et Z. Le batholithe tectonique tardif s'est mis en place en partie au même moment que, et en partie après, la déformation D_n.

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那曲地区气候变化对该区湖泊面积的影响

利用地面4个测站常规气象资料及中巴地球资源卫星、美国陆地卫星资料,分析了那曲中东部地区湖泊流域近45年各气候要素的变化对20世纪80年代以来湖泊面积变化的影响。在此基础上,建立了湖泊面积的拟合方程。结果表明:湖泊流域的降水量、气温以及地面温度近年来呈上升趋势,而蒸发量、日照时数、最大积雪深度、最大冻土深度逐渐下降。这些要素变化与湖泊面积的增加具有显著的线性关系,根据这些气象要素的累积值建立的回归方程能较好地拟合湖泊面积的变化。     

1960-2004年金沙江径流量特征及其对气候变化的响应

基于金沙江流域内1960-2004年的水文、气象站观测数据,分析了区域内径流量的年际、年代际变化以及气候因素(如降水量、平均气温)对径流变化的影响.结果表明:近40 a来径流量呈现逐渐增加趋势,并且支流雅砻江为金沙江径流量的主要产流区;干流与支流均存在年代间丰枯转移,20世纪60年代、90年代偏丰,70年代偏枯;干流夏...     

Monthly trends and the corresponding altitudinal shift in the snowfall/precipitation day ratio

A better understanding of the impact of changing temperatures on snow amounts is very important for the ski industry, but it is difficult to measure, particularly at different times of the snow season and not only on an annual or seasonal basis. Here, we analyze the snow day vs precipitation day ratios on a monthly basis from November to April in Switzerland and at 52 meteorological stations located between 200 and 2,700 m above sea level over a 48-year time span. Our results show that the conditions measured in the 1960s in November and March correspond to the present ones in December, January, and February.     

On the cyclic failure mechanism of soil slopes

Dynamic loads, such as earthquakes, triggered a large number of landslides with more complicated failure mechanism due to their significant rate effect and cyclic effect. Thus, the failure mechanism is essential for an accurate evaluation of the dynamic stability of slopes. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted to investigate the progressive failure behavior of slopes under cyclic loading conditions with different amplitudes. The cyclic effect was quantitatively analyzed in view of the deformation and failure behavior of slopes and was discovered equivalently induced by different combinations of the amplitude and the number of loading cycles. For example, the slope failure was induced by a cyclic loading with an increasing amplitude as the number of loading cycles decreased, with an extreme case of the monotonic loading with a larger magnitude. The slope exhibited a significant progressive failure with a downward sequence from the top. The slip surface became shallower as the amplitude of the cyclic loading increased and was shallowest under the monotonic loading condition. Cyclic loading induced deformation localization and the localization developed to cause local failure in the slope. The local failure, together with the effect of cyclic loading, contributed to new deformation localization that determined the development of the slip surface. The amplitude of the cyclic loading affected the propagation of deformation localization in slopes, resulting in the observed variation of the slip surfaces under different loading patterns.     

Planning the Colca Canyon and the Valley of the Volcanoes National Park in South Peru

The economic development of the Rio Colca region and related infrastructure endangers the environment of the deepest canyon worldwide. The unique values of the Colca Valley and Canyon and its tributary Valley of the Volcanoes are summarised. They include a magnificent, deep section of the orogenic belt 100 km long, different geological formations, active faults, a variety of fold structures, young volcanoes, hot springs, geysers, several ecological zones and the largest condor habitat in the Andes. Based on the observed land use, development and regional planning, the threats and conflict areas are outlined. Studies performed by the Polish Scientific Expedition to Peru since 2003 add greatly to the knowledge of geology, landscape and pioneering biota development of the area and its importance to the world heritage of nature. They are aimed to give scientific background to the project of the Canyon Colca and Valley of the Volcanoes National Park. The article gives the proposed limits of the park and its buffer zones, categories of protection zones compatible with the SINANPE system of Peru and suggestions on tourist accessibility. The strict protection zone should cover the most inaccessible part of the area where human economic activity practically does not exist. Traditional farming and animal husbandry, wildlife, cultural tourism and some forms of adventure tourism will be allowed in the zone of special usage. The new park would strengthen the relatively poor system of the protected areas in the Arequipa Department, increase tourist attractiveness and determine constraints for sustained regional development. The expected actions of the park authority and local governments are specified.