热解气相色谱法分析煤成烃

本文继续讨论煤成烃及其释放出的产物，同北半球的古生代煤相比，由于成煤体系不同，南半球的中生代和新生代煤正如已报导的资料有可能生成大量的重烃（类似油一类的物质）。这种假设已通过对比一系列的煤的热解气相色谱结果得到验证，初步结果表明热解产物的最有意义的区别是低于ｎＣ１５馏分，资料进行一步表明了，如煤显微组分含有相同的成分，则煤生成相似类型的烃，并与其年代或地理位置无关，富含藻类和其他壳质组的煤生成大量     

Linear and cyclic aliphatic carboxamides of the Murchison meteorite: hydrolyzable derivatives of amino acids and other carboxylic acids

Analyses of fractionated aqueous extracts of the Murchison meteorite by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after silylation with N-methyl-N (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide have revealed an extensive series of linear and cyclic aliphatic amides. These include monocarboxylic acid amides, dicarboxylic acid monoamides, hydroxy acid amides, lactams, carboxy lactams, lactims, N-acetyl amino acids, and substituted hydantoins. Numerous isomers and homologues through at least C8 were observed in all cases, except for the N-acetyl amino acids and hydantoins. Carboxy lactams, lactams, hydantoins, and N-acetyl amino acids are converted to amino acids by acid hydrolysis, thus, these compounds qualitatively account for the earlier observation of acid-labile amino acid precursors in meteoritic extracts. Laboratory studies of the spontaneous decomposition of N-carbamyl-alpha-amino acids and their dehydration products, the 5-substituted hydantoins, have led to the recognition of a series of aqueous phase reactions by which amino acids and cyanic acid/cyanate ion in the primitive parent body might have given rise to several of the observed classes of amides, as well as to monocarboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, and hydroxy acids. A previously undescribed reaction of 5-substituted hydantoins with cyanic acid/cyanate ion to give carboxamides of the 5-substituent groups was observed in the course of these studies. The presence of an extensive suite of amides in a CM chondrite appears to be consistent with the interstellar-parent body formation hypothesis for the organic compounds of these meteorites. The presence of carboxy lactams and lactams along with free amino acids suggests the possibility of further chemical evolution of meteorite amino acids by thermal polymerization. The cyclic amides, given their potential for hydrogen-bonded pair formation, might be considered candidate bases for a primitive sequence coding system.     

船舶压载水中荧光溶解有机物的光谱特征研究

采用三维激发-发射荧光光谱(3D-EEMs),结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC),研究了2015年12月至2020年1月停靠上海洋山港和江苏省江阴港的42艘入境船舶压载水中荧光溶解有机物(FDOM)的组成特征及其来源,并探讨了FDOM用于鉴别置换和未置换压载水的可行性。结果显示,船舶压载水中FDOM主要由3种荧光组分组成：类色氨酸荧光组分C1,λ_ex为275 nm,λ_em为332 nm;UVB类腐殖质组分C2,λ_ex为290和315 nm,λ_em为386 nm;UVA类腐殖质组分C3,λ_ex为250和360 nm,λ_em为446 nm。组分C1在船舶压载水FDOM中荧光强度百分比最高,其次为组分C3,组分C2最低。显著性分析显示,未置换压载水中组分C1显著高于置换压载水(p<0.05)的,而组分C2和C3则无显著差异(p>0.05)。荧光指数分析表明,未置换压载水FDOM受陆源输入和微生物活动的共同影响,而置换压载水由于远离近岸,水体生物活动为...     

Lysosomal and lipid-associated parameters in the livers of three species of arctic seabird chicks: species differences and relationships with contaminant levels

Lysosomal membrane stability, lipofuscin (LF), malondialdehyde (MDA), neutral lipid (NL) levels, as well as halogenated organic compounds (HOCs), Cr, Cd, Pb and Fe concentrations were analyzed in liver of black-legged kittiwake (BK), herring gull (HG), and northern fulmar (NF) chicks. There were significant species differences in the levels of NL, LF and lysosomal membrane stability. These parameters were not associated with the respective HOC concentrations. LF accumulation was associated with increasing Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations. HG presented the lowest lysosomal membrane stability and the highest.LF and NL levels, which indicated impaired lysosomes in HG compared to NF and BK. Lipid peroxidation was associated with HOC and Fe²⁺ levels. Specific HOCs showed positive and significant correlations with MDA levels in HG. The study indicates that contaminant exposure can affect lysosomal and lipid associated parameters in seabird chicks even at low exposure levels. These parameters may be suitable markers of contaminant induced stress in arctic seabirds.     

锚泊式浮标中的GPS测量值

锚泊式浮标中的ＧＰＳ测量值（德国，德国ＦＡＦ默尼黑大学，天文物理测地学研究所（ＩＡＰＧ），ＧｎｔｅｒＷ·Ｈｅｉｎ，ＨｅｌｍｕｔＢｌｏｍｅｎｈｏｆｅｒ，ＨｅｒｂｅｒｔＬａｎｄａｕ，ＥｄｕａｒｄａＴａｖｅｉｒａ）１引言１９８９年初期，ＩＡＰＧ建议ＥＳＡ／...     

Provenance of the terrestrial planets

Earlier work on the simultaneous accumulation of the asteroid belt and the terrestrial planets is extended to investigate the relative contribution to the final planets made by material from different heliocentric distances. As before, stochastic variations intrinsic to the accumulation processes lead to a variety of final planetary configurations, but include systems having a number of features similar to our solar system. Fifty-nine new simulations are presented, from which thirteen are selected as more similar to our solar system than the others. It is found that the concept of "local feeding zones" for each final terrestrial planet has no validity for this model. Instead, the final terrestrial planets receive major contributions from bodies ranging from 0.5 to at least 2.5 AU, and often to greater distances. Nevertheless, there is a correlation between the final heliocentric distance of a planet and its average provenance. Together with the effect of stochastic fluctuations, this permits variation in the composition of the terrestrial planets, such as the difference in the decompressed density of Earth and Mars. Biologically important light elements, derived from the asteroidal region, are likely to have been significant constituents of the Earth during its formation.     

Estimation of hydraulic conductivity in an alluvial system using temperatures

Well water temperatures are often collected simultaneously with water levels; however, temperature data are generally considered only as a water quality parameter and are not utilized as an environmental tracer. In this paper, water levels and seasonal temperatures are used to estimate hydraulic conductivities in a stream-aquifer system. To demonstrate this method, temperatures and water levels are analyzed from six observation wells along an example study site, the Russian River in Sonoma County, California. The range in seasonal ground water temperatures in these wells varied from <0.2 degrees C in two wells to approximately 8 degrees C in the other four wells from June to October 2000. The temperature probes in the six wells are located at depths between 3.5 and 7.1 m relative to the river channel. Hydraulic conductivities are estimated by matching simulated ground water temperatures to the observed ground water temperatures. An anisotropy of 5 (horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity) generally gives the best fit to the observed temperatures. Estimated conductivities vary over an order of magnitude in the six locations analyzed. In some locations, a change in the observed temperature profile occurred during the study, most likely due to deposition of fine-grained sediment and organic matter plugging the streambed. A reasonable fit to this change in the temperature profile is obtained by decreasing the hydraulic conductivity in the simulations. This study demonstrates that seasonal ground water temperatures monitored in observation wells provide an effective means of estimating hydraulic conductivities in alluvial aquifers.