修复对湖北洋澜湖富营养化与生态状况的影响:基于大型无脊椎底栖动物的评价

大型无脊椎底栖动物是水生态系统的重要组成部分,也是评价生态系统状态的重要指标.本文比较了洋澜湖修复示范工程实施水域(修复区)和未实施水域(未修复区)水质和大型无脊椎底栖动物群落差异,并对湖泊生态状态进行了评价.结果表明,治理后修复区总氮、总磷和叶绿素a浓度显著低于未修复区,修复区透明度显著高于未修复区.共发现底栖动物30种,隶属于3门4纲12科,其中修复区29种,未修复区19种.修复区与未修复区软体动物的平均密度分别为369.3和34.7 ind./m2,平均生物量(湿重)分别为102.9和37.2 g/m2.耐污值指数和多度量指数评价结果显示,修复区生态系统状态优于未修复区.结果表明,结合透明度改善、鱼类控制与沉水植物重建等手段为主的湖泊修复能改善水质和生态状态.     

EFFECTS OF LOW-LATITUDE MONSOON SURGE ON THE INCREASE IN DOWNPOUR FROM TROPICAL STORM BILIS

By using the dataset of CMA-STI Tropical Cyclone Optimal Tracks, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and intensive surface observations, a study is performed of the influences of a low-latitude monsoon surge on the longer persistence and increase in torrential rains from the landing tropical storm Bilis. Results suggest that the southwest monsoon was anomalously active after Bilis came ashore. The westerly winds in Bilis’s south side might give rise to the poleward movement of the SW monsoon, thus enlarging the pressure g...     

COMPARISONS OF CIRCULATION ANOMALIES BETWEEN THE DAILY PRECIPITATION EXTREME AND NON-EXTREME EVENTS IN THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF YANGTZE RIVER IN BOREAL SUMMER

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and in situ meteorological observations of daily precipitation in boreal summer from 1979 to 2008, the features of circulation anomalies have been investigated using the composite analysis for the extreme events and non-extreme events of regional mean daily rainfall(RMDR) occurring over the midand lower- Yangtze valley(MLYV). The extreme RMDR(ERMDR) events are the events at and above the percentile99 in the rearranged time-series of the RMDR with ascending order of rainfall amount. The non-extreme RMDR events are those at the percentiles 90-85 and 80-75 separately. Our results suggest that the threshold value is 25 mm/day for the ERMDR at percentile 99. Precipitation at all the percentiles is found to occur more frequently in the Meiyu rainfall season in MLYV, and the ERMDR events have occurred with higher frequency since the 1990 s. For the percentiles-associated events, the MLYV is under the control of an anomalous cyclonic circulation in the mid- and lower- troposphere with vastly different anomalous circulation at higher levels. However, at both low and high levels, the ERMDR events-related anomalous circulation is stronger compared to that linked to the non-ERMDR events. The dominant sources of water vapor differ between the ERMDR and non-ERMDR events. During the ERMDR events plentiful water vapor is transported from the Bay of Bengal into the MLYV directly by divergence while there is distinctly increased water vapor from the South China Sea(SCS) in non-RMERMDR episodes. The diabatic heating rates < Q1>, < Q2> and< Q1>- < Q2> have their anomalous patterns and are consistent with each other for these percentiles but their strength decreases markedly with the drop of rainfall intensity. For the precipitation at percentiles 99 and 90-85, the sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) in the Pacific distribute positively(negatively) in the south(north), and are stronger when the ERMDR emerges, with little or no SSTA as the events at percentile 80-75 occur. Besides, these results suggest that the genesis of the ERMDR event is directly related to intense local circulation anomalies and the circulation anomalies over the Pacific and SCS in tropical to mid-latitudes, and probably linked with the Pacific SSTA closely while the non-ERMDR events are mainly associated with the anomalous circulation on a local basis. The findings here help understand and predict the happening of ERMDR events over the MLYV.     

集合预报产品在台风麦莎预报中的应用

为了提高集合预报效果,利用T106L19全球谱模式和增长模繁殖法对台风麦莎制作了13个成员的集合预报,并对其结果进行集合预报产品解释应用研究。首先在离散距离分簇法中,引入方差分析的方法确定分簇基础,然后对集合预报的形势场进行了分簇,相对于以往采用96小时样本为分簇基础进行分簇的方法,分簇效果提高明显,分簇结果能给出台风移动的几种可能路径及其概率;其次对要素随时间的演变利用系统聚类法进行了分类,根据分簇平均图可以确定几个可能的台风登陆地点,制作了这些特殊点要素分类烟羽图,通过分析要素随时间的演变特征,提高对台风登陆地点和时间的预报精度;最后制作了盒须图,通过盒须图中数据组主体以外的数据点,确认出值得注意的一些特殊集合成员的预报结果,减少了小概率事件的漏报率。研究结果表明,将方差分析引入离散距离分簇法,要素烟羽聚类法以及盒须图的应用有利于提高和改善集合预报效果,集合预报产品解释应用效果得到改进。     

近30a来北半球对流层大气月均环流的涡动减弱现象

利用1980-2009年NCEP／NCAR月平均再分析资料,研究了在全球变暖背景下北半球对流层大气涡动减弱现象。结果表明：北半球涡度拟能30a来整体呈减弱趋势,在北太平洋地区和极地减弱尤为显著,12．5～50°N为影响北半球大气涡动变化的关键区域。由于对流层200hPa以下大气的增暖,特别是中高纬地区显著增暖,减弱了经向温度梯度,使得副热带西风急流的强度亦呈减弱趋势。这与涡度拟能的变化有显著的正相关关系。分析了北半球正压Rossby波动诊断量E和热量经向涡动通量的变化,表明中纬度波能传播在不同地区有不同趋势,而热量的经向涡动输送与涡度拟能的变化也呈现显著的正相关关系,减弱明显。研究结果对深刻认识大气环流变化规律和理解全球变暖的可能影响具有重要意义。     

ANSYS软件中修正剑桥模型的二次开发

ANSYS软件具有很强的非线性计算功能和前、后处理能力,是目前世界上最强大的通用分析程序之一。标准ANSYS程序中包含众多的材料本构模型,但尚缺少岩土工程数值计算中常用的修正剑桥模型。为扩展ANSYS在岩土工程领域的计算能力,利用二次开发工具UPFs和数据接口将修正剑桥模型连接到标准ANSYS程序中。二次开发的核心是本构模型子程序UMAT.F的编制。子程序的编写一方面要符合修正剑桥模型的本构关系式和弹塑性有限元计算的特点;另一方面变量名和输入输出格式必须和标准ANSYS程序一致。对二次开发后的ANSYS程序进行了典型算例的验证。结果表明,在ANSYS中加入修正剑桥模型的方法是可行的,可推广到ANSYS对于其他材料本构模型的二次开发中。     

大别山造山带前陆深地震反射剖面

在大别山南部和扬子地块前陆实施的深地震反射剖面(140 km)揭示出大别山造山带前陆地壳的精细结构。总体北倾的地壳内部结构与向北缓倾的叠瓦状莫霍面反射揭示出扬子陆块向北俯冲的行迹。莫霍面向北插入大别山造山带下与南大别山地壳内南倾反射震相叠置,构成交叉反射图像,刻画出扬子前陆与大别山造山带的碰撞构造面貌。     

紫色土水分特征曲线室内测定方法的对比

为探寻全吸力范围内土壤水分特征曲线的可靠测定方法,采用沙箱排水法、Hyprop仪蒸发法、压力膜仪排水法和露点水势仪蒸发法分吸力段测定盐亭紫色土耕地表层2~7 cm和亚表层7~12 cm土壤的水分特征曲线,对比测定结果的方法间差异,并分析其原因。结果表明:对于表层和亚表层土壤,低吸力段(h >-100 cm)水分特征曲线的沙箱法和Hyprop仪法的均方根误差E_RMS (θ)均较小,在0.026~0.082 cm3/cm3范围内,确定系数R2均大于0.962,说明这两种方法测定结果之间差异不大。高吸力段(h <-330 cm)的压力膜仪法与露点仪法测定结果之间的差异较大,E_RMS (θ)为0.062~0.097 cm3/cm3,R2较低,为0.775~0.952。因此,全吸力范围内水分特征曲线测定方法的选择与组合应考虑土壤孔径分布特征和研究目的。     

西藏日土地区弗野岩体的成因——锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素约束

班公湖—怒江成矿带西段日土—多龙地区为一条燕山期岩浆弧,已相续发现多处大、中型矿产,具有良好的成矿地质条件。弗野岩体位于该岩浆弧西侧,岩性以闪长岩和闪长玢岩为主,蚀变较强;微量元素原始地幔标准化后亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr和Ti,富集Th、U和Pb;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化后表现出整体向右缓倾,显示负Eu异常;D1046和D1049两件样品的锆石LuHf同位素结果显示,εHf(t)主要集中在-5.2~-12.2区间,TDM1模式年龄介于0.98~1.28Ga之间;锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值分别为119.06±0.48Ma和120.03±0.68Ma,均形成于早白垩世中期。结合岩石地球化学特征判断其属于I型花岗岩类,源区物质来源于幔源物质和下地壳物质。根据该岩浆弧带的岩体特征判断,班公湖—怒江特提斯洋至少在中侏罗世已经开始了向北的俯冲作用,且在早白垩世这种向北的俯冲作用仍在持续。     

安徽龙河口水库流域沉积物中粘土矿物分析及其环境意义

龙河口水库是巢湖上游的重要水源地,对水库钻孔ALE的粘土矿物进行定性和半定量分析,发现水库沉积的粘土矿物主要是绿泥石(含绿泥石/蛭石混层矿物),多年平均含量达40%,其次是高岭石和伊利石及少量的蒙皂石,伊利石的多年平均含量只有21%,远低于该流域中晓天河(54%)和滑石河(63.5%)的表层样。水库和龙潭河粘土矿物的含量组成较相似,与晓天河和滑石河差别较大。表层样中粘土矿物的差异主要受流域的地质地貌的影响,水库沉积物中粘土矿物的特征主要与环境动力和粘土矿物的结晶习性有密切的关系。