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351.
Stephen W. Cole Yebang Xu Paul W. Burton 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2008,28(10-11):778
The People's Republic of China is in the process of rapid demographic, economic and urban change including nationwide engineering and building construction at an unprecedented scale. The mega-city of Shanghai is at the centre of China's modernisation. Rapid urbanisation and building growth have increased the exposure of people and property to natural disasters. The seismic hazard of Shanghai and its vicinity is presented from a seismogenic free-zone methodology. A PGA value of 49 cm s−2 and a maximum intensity value of VII for the Chinese Seismic Intensity Scale (a scale similar to the Modified Mercalli) for a 99% probability of non-exceedance in 50 years are determined for Shanghai city. The potential building damage for three independent districts of the city centre named Putuo, Nanjing Road and Pudong are calculated using damage vulnerability matrices. It is found that old civil houses of brick and timber are the most vulnerable buildings with potentially a mean probability value of 7.4% of this building structure type exhibiting the highest damage grade at intensity VII. 相似文献
352.
Kara L. Webster Jason A. Leach Paul W. Hazlett Robert L. Fleming Erik J. S. Emilson Daniel Houle Kara H. Y. Chan Fariborz Norouzian Amanda S. Cole Jason M. O'Brien Karen E. Smokorowski Stephanie A. Nelson Shelagh D. Yanni 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14109
The Turkey Lakes Watershed (TLW) study is a federal, interdepartmental study established in 1979 to investigate the effects of acid rain on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The 10.5 km2 watershed, located in the Eastern Temperate Mixed Forest on the Canadian Shield, has been the site of multidisciplinary studies on biogeochemical and ecological processes conducted across plot to catchment scales. The whole-ecosystem investigative approach was adopted from the outset and has allowed research to evolve from its original (and continuing) acidification focus to include investigations on the effects of climate change, forest harvesting and other forest ecosystem perturbations. The extensive scientific and support infrastructure allows for collection of a comprehensive data record essential for understanding long-term environmental trends. Data include atmospheric deposition, meteorology, stream hydrology and chemistry, soil, pore and ground water properties, understory and overstory vegetation, lake and outflow physical and chemical properties, and aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish community composition and abundance. These data have contributed to over 400 published research papers and graduate theses. The watershed has also figured prominently in many continent-wide comparisons advancing fundamental watershed theory. The knowledge gained at TLW has influenced pollutant emission and natural resource management policies provincially, nationally and internationally. 相似文献
353.
R. Cioni A. Bertagnini D. Andronico P. D. Cole F. Mundula 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2011,73(7):789-810
We describe the products of the hitherto poorly known 512 AD eruption at Vesuvius, Italy. The deposit records a complex sequence
of eruptive events, and it has been subdivided into eight main units, composed of stratified scoria lapilli or thin subordinate
ash-rich layers. All the units formed by deposition from tephra fallout, pyroclastic density currents of limited extent being
restricted to the initial stages of the eruption (U2). The main part of the deposit (U3 and U5) is characterized by a striking
grain size alternation of fine to coarse lapilli, similar to that often described for mid-intensity, explosive eruptions.
The erupted products have a phonotephritic composition, with progressively less evolved composition from the base to the top
of the stratigraphic sequence. Based on different dispersal, sedimentological and textural features of the products, we identify
five phases related to different eruptive styles: opening phase (U1, U2), subplinian phase (U3 to U5), pulsatory phreatomagmatic
phase (U6), violent strombolian phase (U7) and final ash-dominated phase (U8). A DRE volume of 0.025 km3 has been calculated for the total fallout deposit. Most of the magma was erupted during the subplinian phase; lithic dispersal
data indicate peak column heights of between 10 and 15 km, which correspond to a mass discharge rate (MDR) of 5 × 106 kg s−1. The lower intensity, violent strombolian phase coincided with the eruption of the least evolved magma; a peak column height
of 6–9 km, corresponding to an MDR of 1 ×10 6 kg s −1, is estimated from field data. Phreatomagmatic activity played a minor role in the eruption, only contributing to the ash-rich
deposits of U1, U4, U6 and U8. 相似文献
354.
355.
Nicholas Cross Simon P. Driver Warrick Couch Carlton M. Baugh Joss Bland-Hawthorn Terry Bridges Russell Cannon Shaun Cole Matthew Colless Chris Collins Gavin Dalton Kathryn Deeley Roberto De Propris George Efstathiou Richard S. Ellis Carlos S. Frenk Karl Glazebrook Carole Jackson Ofer Lahav Ian Lewis Stuart Lumsden Steve Maddox Darren Madgwick Stephen Moody Peder Norberg John A. Peacock Bruce A. Peterson Ian Price Mark Seaborne Will Sutherland Helen Tadros Keith Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,324(4):825-841
356.
Matthew Colless Gavin Dalton Steve Maddox Will Sutherland Peder Norberg Shaun Cole Joss Bland-Hawthorn Terry Bridges Russell Cannon Chris Collins Warrick Couch Nicholas Cross Kathryn Deeley Roberto De Propris Simon P. Driver George Efstathiou Richard S. Ellis Carlos S. Frenk Karl Glazebrook Carole Jackson Ofer Lahav Ian Lewis Stuart Lumsden Darren Madgwick John A. Peacock Bruce A. Peterson Ian Price Mark Seaborne Keith Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,328(4):1039-1063
357.
A.J. Benson C.S. Frenk C.M. Baugh S. Cole C.G. Lacey 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,327(4):1041-1056
We follow the evolution of the galaxy population in a ΛCDM cosmology by means of high-resolution N -body simulations in which the formation of galaxies and their observable properties are calculated using a semi-analytic model. We display images of the spatial distribution of galaxies in the simulations that illustrate its evolution and provide a qualitative understanding of the processes responsible for the various biases that develop. We consider three specific statistical measures of clustering at and : the correlation length (in both real and redshift space) of galaxies of different luminosity, the morphology–density relation and the genus curve of the topology of galaxy isodensity surfaces. For galaxies with luminosity below L ∗, the correlation length depends very little on the luminosity of the sample, but for brighter galaxies it increases very rapidly, reaching values in excess of 10 h −1 Mpc. The 'accelerated' dynamical evolution experienced by galaxies in rich clusters, which is partly responsible for this effect, also results in a strong morphology–density relation. Remarkably, this relation is already well-established at . The genus curves of the galaxies are significantly different from the genus curves of the dark matter, however this is not a result of genuine topological differences but rather of the sparse sampling of the density field provided by galaxies. The predictions of our model at will be tested by forthcoming data from the 2dF and Sloan galaxy surveys, and those at by the DEEP and VIRMOS surveys. 相似文献
358.
N2 2P fluorescent intensity was monitored as a function of incident photon energy from 40 to 70 eV. A structure was seen near 52.2 eV. This feature is attributed to the scattering of photoelectrons originating from the N2 2σg molecular orbital with a binding energy of about 37.7 eV. The kinetic energy of these photoelectrons corresponds to the peak of the 2P excitation cross section at 14.5 eV. 相似文献
359.
Darren J. Croton Matthew Colless Enrique Gaztañaga Carlton M. Baugh Peder Norberg I. K. Baldry J. Bland-Hawthorn T. Bridges R. Cannon S. Cole C. Collins W. Couch G. Dalton R. De Propris S. P. Driver G. Efstathiou R. S. Ellis C. S. Frenk K. Glazebrook C. Jackson O. Lahav I. Lewis S. Lumsden S. Maddox D. Madgwick J. A. Peacock B. A. Peterson W. Sutherland K. Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,352(3):828-836
360.
Will J. Percival Daniel Burkey Alan Heavens y Taylor Shaun Cole John A. Peacock Carlton M. Baugh Joss Bland-Hawthorn Terry Bridges Russell Cannon Matthew Colless Chris Collins Warrick Couch Gavin Dalton Roberto De Propris Simon P. Driver George Efstathiou Richard S. Ellis Carlos S. Frenk Karl Glazebrook Carole Jackson Ofer Lahav Ian Lewis Stuart Lumsden Steve Maddox Peder Norberg Bruce A. Peterson Will Sutherland Keith Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,353(4):1201-1218