Über interne Wellen,besonders solche mit Gezeitencharakter

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Überblick über unsere derzeitigen Kenntnisse der internen Wellen im Ozean gegeben, wobei besonders jene mit Gezeitencharakter berücksichtigt werden. Die theoretischen Erörterungen sind möglichst kurz gehalten. Die Koppelung mit den Trägheitsschwingungen ausgedehnter Meeresgebiete erfährt eine eingehende Würdigung. Zum Schluß werden auch die Stabilitätsbedingungen interner Gezeitenwellen erörtert.

---

On internal waves, especially on those of tidal periods

Summary This is an outline of our present knowledge of internal waves in the ocean with special reference to internal waves of tidal periods. The theoretical aspect is dealt with as briefly as possible. The coupling with the phenomenon of osciallations of inertia in large ocean areas is discussed in detail. Finally, the stability conditions of internal tide waves are treated.

---

Sur des vagues internes, surtout sur celles ayant des périodes de marée

Résumé Voilà un aperçu de notre connaissance d'aujourd'hui des vagues internes dans l'océan, surtout de celles qui ont des périodes de marée. L'aspect théorique est brièvement traité. Le rapport avec les oscillations d'inertie en larges régions océaniques est précisé. Enfin, les conditions de stabilité des vagues internes de marée sont exposées.

---

---

Vortrag, gehalten im geophysikalischen Kolloquium der Universität Hamburg am 10. Dezember 1952.     

Conserving Biodiversity in Farm Animals: Do Farmer and Public Biodiversity Knowledge and Awareness Matter?

Increases in biodiversity losses are a growing concern globally. In farm animals, related concerns about losses in genetic diversity have potentially increased with the emergence of breeding technologies that allow for faster genetic change in herds. Farmer and public acceptance of specific breeding practices can be influenced by a number of factors, including concerns about biodiversity and knowledge of biodiversity. The link between these factors and acceptance of new genetic technologies, if it exists, may help explain concerns about genetic technologies. This article examines the effect of attitudes and knowledge about biodiversity on the acceptance of genomic selection in livestock production using farmer and public survey data from Canada. Our results suggest that the link between biodiversity concerns and the acceptance of genomic selection is more robust for the public than for farmers. We also find that biodiversity knowledge and attitudes have opposite effects on acceptance of genomic selection.     

Genetic Relationships Among One Non-Endemic and Two Endemic Mediterranean Triplefin Blennies (Pisces, Blennioidei)

Abstract. Three triplefin blennies occur sympatrically in the Mediterranean Sea; Tripterygion tripteronotus and T. melanurus are endemic, whereas T. delaisi is also found in the Eastern Atlantic. Although very similar in morphology, ecology and behaviour, some striking differences exist among reproductive strategies. Several authors proposed hypotheses on the evolution of these species. In order to enhance insight into the genetic structure of this genus, an enzyme electrophoretic survey was performed. Samples of 40 to 45 specimens of each species were collected near Calvi (Corsica, France). Twenty-four enzyme loci were analysed, of which 17 appeared polymorphic. T. delaisi showed a high level of average observed heterozygosity (H_o) of 0.140, as opposed to very low levels of 0.009 and 0.021 in T. tripteronotus and T. melanurus , respectively. Nei's genetic distance was 0.21 between T. delaisi and T. tripteronotus , 0.35 between T. delaisi and T. melanurus and 0.45 between T. tripteronotus and T. melanurus . We hypothesise that divergence of these species started before the Pleistocene and that the endemic species survived the Pleistocene glaciations in refugia within the Mediterranean. The possibility that T. tripteronotus and T. delaisi diverged through sympatric speciation is discussed.     

柴达木盆地西部第四纪气候变化和流域风化

长期以来关于构造隆升、气候变化和大陆化学风化的相互关系存在诸多争议。在气候和构造相互作用典型区域建立高精度大陆化学风化序列是解决上述科学问题的有效途径之一。位于青藏高原东北缘长期封闭的柴达木盆地,其独特的位置和连续的沉积使其成为研究构造隆升、气候变化和大陆化学风化的理想场所。本文以柴达木盆地西部千米深钻SG-1钻孔高质量的连续细粒湖相岩芯为研究对象,使用盐类矿物的硫酸根和钾离子含量、碳酸盐锰含量和硅酸盐化学蚀变指数（CIA）和Nd同位素分析,重建该区第四纪以来湖泊流域气候变化过程和硅酸盐化学风化及可能的物源变化。结果表明柴达木盆地西部第四纪以来流域物源相对稳定,流域整体呈现出气候干旱化、流域硅酸盐风化强度减弱、湖水盐度增加和湖面降低的长期一致性演化过程;上述演化进程在2.2 Ma到2.0 Ma期间短暂加强,在约1.2 Ma和约0.6~0.5 Ma出现逐步加强趋势。过去60万年,柴达木盆地西部在冰期存在的相对高湖面时期与黄土高原粒度指标反映的冬季风减弱阶段可以很好对比。北大西洋海表温度反映的高纬过程是长时间尺度（>105年）驱动柴达木盆地西部气候变化和流域硅酸盐风化强度变化的主要因素;西伯利亚高压系统和西风系统的"跷跷板关系"可能是冰期-间冰期或者更短尺度影响柴达木盆地西部气候变化的主要因素。     

Orbital Elements of 2004 Perseid Meteoroids Perturbed by Jupiter

Jupiter and Saturn produce important gravitational impulses on meteoroids released by comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle. The meteoroids from this comet once released follow retrograde orbits that during their periodic approaches to these planets (within 1.6 and 0.9 A.U., respectively) are impulsed gaining orbital energy. This perturbation effect is translated into a net inward shift in the node of the perturbed meteoroids. Such geometry with Jupiter occurred in 2004 over a meteoroid trail ejected by this comet during the 1862 A.D. return of the comet to perihelion. In order to study the predicted outburst produced by one-revolution meteoroids, the Spanish Photographic Meteor Network (SPMN) performed an extensive campaign. As a part of this observational effort here are presented 10 accurate meteoroid orbits. We discuss their origin by comparing them with the theoretical orbital elements of the dust trails intercepting the Earth during the 2004 Perseid return.     

Thermal anomalies associated with shallow gas hydrates in the K-2 mud volcano, Lake Baikal

Thermal measurements and hydrate mapping in the vicinity of the K-2 mud volcano in Lake Baikal have revealed a particular type of association of thermal anomalies (29–121?mW?m^–2) near hydrate-forming layers. Detailed coring within K-2 showed that hydrates are restricted to two distinct zones at sub-bottom depths exceeding 70–300?cm. Temperature data from stations with hydrate recovery and degassing features all display low thermal gradients. Otherwise, the thermal gradients within the mud volcano are generally increased. These findings imply a more complicated thermal regime than often assumed for mud volcanoes, with important roles for both fluids and hydrates. The coexistence of neighbouring low and high thermal anomalies is interpreted to result from discharging and recharging fluid activity, rather than hydrate thermodynamics. It is suggested that hydrates play a key role in controlling the fluid circulation pattern at an early stage. At a later stage, the inflow of undersaturated lake water would favour the dissolution of structure I hydrates and the formation of structure II hydrates, the latter having been observed on top of structure I hydrates in the K-2 mud volcano.     

InSAR detection of residual settlement of an ocean reclamation engineering project: a case study of Hong Kong International Airport

Man-made land or islands that are reclaimed from the sea are suitable for building airports, harbors, and industry parks for material transportation because of their broad air and land spaces. However, the reclaimed foundation settlement process is of public concern, including the continuous impact of ocean processes on its stability. The majority of the buildings and facilities of Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) are built on a reclaimed foundation. The reclaimed foundation has been in residual settlement since completion of the filling project in 1994. In this study, we use persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) and ENVISAT (European Satellite) advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) data to detect the residual settlement rates from 19 April 2006 to 9 January 2008. We use ground truth data to develop empirical correction models for correcting systematic biases in the ASAR PSI-detected settlement rates. The corrected data follow the Lorentz distribution well, implying that the residual settlement process is dominated by two modes or categories of settlement rates. The first category represents a relatively stable state and the second category represents a continuous settlement state. A ground settlement rate map of HKIA shows that an area of the Passenger Terminal Building and an area of the Southern Runway are two relatively stable areas. There are two major continuous settlement areas. One covers the airport Midfield. Another is along the coastline, implying that attention should be paid to impacts of ocean processes on the stability of airport foundations.