冲绳海槽北部CSH1孔岩石磁学特征及其早期成岩作用的影响

以2~4 cm为间隔,对冲绳海槽北部的CSH1孔岩心(17.36 m)进行了岩石磁学研究.根据岩心上部的两个特征火山灰层和浮游有孔虫组合分析建立了钻孔的时间框架,沉积物底部年龄可能为50 ka.除了在三个火山灰层和近表层向下的快速降低外,整个钻孔磁学参数的变化甚小,未能反映出50 ka来的气候变化.与大多数沉积物不同,该钻孔大多数层位的S值(S=-IRM-0.3T/SIRM,它代表了低矫顽力磁性矿物的含量)小于0.9,指示钻孔沉积物中存在相当比例的高矫顽力磁性矿物.代表性沉积物样品的磁化率-温度(K-T)曲线除了存在580℃磁铁矿的居里温度之外,还显示200~350℃的居里温度,指示样品中存在铁硫化物(胶黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿).这与加热过程中有刺鼻的臭味、加热后的沉积物变黑对铁硫化物的指示相吻合.自生成因的铁硫化物的存在以及表层磁性参数的快速降低,都明确表明沉积物遭受了早期成岩作用.除了三个火山灰层以外钻孔的其他层位无特征磁学变化,表明沉积物后来受到的改造作用强烈,磁学参数所蕴含的原始气候信号被破坏.在这一系列氧化-还原过程中消耗了沉积物中的有机质和水溶液中的硫酸盐,造成了沉积物中铁、锰元素的重新溶解和沉淀等.     

Provenance of Cored Sediments from Active Margin off Southwestern Taiwan Deduced from Geochemical Constraints

The cored sediments sampled by R/V Marion Dufrense in the active margin off southwestern Taiwan on the east side of the Manila Trench are mostly muds consisting mainly of quartz, feldspar, illite, chlorite ＋ kaolinite with a trace amount of montmorillonite. The cored sediments have higher Fe, Ti, Cr, Cs, Li, Ni, and V but lower Ca, Na, Mn, Hf, Nb, Sr, Ta, U and Zr contents when compared with the upper continental crust（UCC, Taylor and McLennan, 1985）. The Eu/Eu＊ ratios of the sediments averaging 0.69 indicate that the recycling effect on the Eu anomaly may be minor and the contribution of mafic source rock was unimportant, which can also be depicted in the La-Th-Sc plot（Cullers, 1994） showing a ＂mixed origin＂ close to the felsic end member. The chemistry of the cored sediment can be explained by a mixing model designed by Ho and Chen（1996） with four end members i.e., greywacke, shale, quartzite and limestone, which are widely distributed in the Cenozoic formations of southern Taiwan with greywacke as the dominant contributor followed by shale.     

西南喀斯特地区几种主要土地覆被下土壤CO2-C通量研究

中国西南喀斯特地区土壤营养元素流失形势严峻,揭示不同土地覆被下土壤CO2-C的释放规律,是认识喀斯特这一特殊环境诸多营养元素循环问题的一个重要途径。采用静态箱-气相色谱法对贵州喀斯特地区4种不同土地覆被下的土壤CO2-C释放通量进行观测研究。结果表明,（1）不同的土地覆被下土壤CO2-C释放通量有显著的差别,其释放顺序为：森林（（134．1±78．8）mg／（m^2·h））〉次生林（（70．8±122．3）mg／（m^2·h））〉玉米地（（55．5±78．0）mg／（m^2·h）1〉烧荒地（（35．5±91．4）mg／（m^2·h））。各样点季节变化都比较明显,夏季平均排放量最高,冬季最低。（2）凋落物对森林土壤CO2-C释放的影响较大,有凋落物覆盖的土壤CO2-C释放量（（134．1±78．8）mg／（m^2·h））高于无凋落物覆盖的林地土壤（（111．2±80．3）mg／（m^2·h））,凋落物分解对森林土壤CO2-C释放总量的贡献约占17％。基于地面气温,计算得出森林和森林（无凋落物）的研。分别为1．92、2．10。（3）除次生林和烧荒地外,其余各样地CO2-C释放通量均与土壤各层温度呈显著正相关关系,但绝大多数样地与土壤湿度（WFPS）之间相关性不显著。     

Impact‐induced hydrothermal activity within the Haughton impact structure,arctic Canada: Generation of a transient,warm, wet oasis

Abstract— Field studies and analytical scanning electron microscopy indicate that a hydrothermal system was created by the interaction of water with hot, impact‐generated rocks following formation of the 24 km diameter, 23 Ma Haughton impact structure. Hydrothermal alteration is recognized in two settings: within polymict impact breccias overlying the central portion of the structure, and within localized pipes in impact‐generated concentric fault systems. The intra‐breccia alteration comprises three varieties of cavity and fracture filling: (a) sulfide with carbonate, (b) sulfate, and (c) carbonate. These are accompanied by subordinate celestite, barite, fluorite, quartz and marcasite. Selenite is also developed, particularly in the lower levels of the impact breccia sheet. The fault‐related hydrothermal alteration occurs in 1–7 m diameter subvertical pipes that are exposed for lengths of up 20 m. The pipes are defined by a monomict quartz‐carbonate breccia showing pronounced Fe‐hydroxide alteration. Associated sulfides include marcasite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. We propose three distinct stages in the evolution of the hydrothermal system: (1) Early Stage (>200 °C), with the precipitation of quartz (vapor phase dominated); (2) Main Stage (200‐100 °C), with the development of a two‐phase (vapor plus liquid) zone, leading to calcite, celestite, barite, marcasite and fluorite precipitation; and (3) Late Stage (<100 °C), with selenite and fibroferrite development through liquid phase‐dominated precipitation. We estimate that it took several tens of thousands of years to cool below 50 °C following impact. During this time, Haughton supported a 14 km diameter crater lake and subsurface water system, providing a warmer, wetter niche relative to the surrounding terrain. The results reveal how understanding the internal structure of impact craters is necessary in order to determine their plumbing and cooling systems.     

Characteristics of sea breeze front development with various synoptic conditions and its impact on lower troposphere ozone formation

To examine the correlation between the sizes of sea breeze fronts and pollutants under the influence of synoptic fields, a numerical simulation was conducted in the southeast coastal area of the Korean Peninsula, where relatively high concentrations of pollutants occur because of the presence of various kinds of industrial developments. Sea breeze and sea breeze front days during the period 2005-09 were identified using wind profiler data and, according to the results, the number of days were 72 and 53, respectively. When synoptic forcing was weak, sea breeze fronts moved fast both in horizontal fields and in terms of wind velocity, while in the case of strong synoptic forcing, sea breeze fronts remained at the coast or moved slowly due to strong opposing flows. In this case, the sea breeze front development function and horizontal potential temperature difference were larger than with weak synoptic forcing. The ozone concentration that moves together with sea breeze fronts was also formed along the frontal surfaces. Ozone advection and diffusion in the case of strong synoptic forcing was suppressed at the frontal surface and the concentration gradient was large. The vertical distribution of ozone was very low due to the Thermal Internal Boundary Layer (TIBL) being low.     

Parameterization and Application of Storm Surge/Tide Modeling Using a Genetic Algorithm for Typhoon Periods

A genetic algorithm was used to optimize the parameters of the two-dimensional Storm Surge/Tide Operational Model (STORM) to improve sea level predictions.The genetic algorithm was applied to nine typhoons that affected the Korean Peninsula during 2005-2007.The following model parameters were used:the bottom drag coefficient,the background horizontal diffusivity,Smagorinski’s horizontal viscosity,and the sea level pressure scaling.Generally,the simulation results using the optimized,mean,and median parameter values improved sea level predictions.The four estimated parameters improved the sea level prediction by 76% and 54% in the bias and root mean square error for Typhoon Kalmaegi (0807) in 2008,respectively.One-month simulations of February and August 2008 were also improved using the estimated parameters.This study demonstrates that parameter optimization on STORM can improve sea level prediction.     

Correlation assessment and monitoring of the potential pollutants in the surface sediments of Pyeongchang River, Korea

The study provides a baseline for the assessment of the organic and inorganic pollution specially, heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments of Pyeongchang River,South Korea.The assessment of the study areas was done with respect to metal pollution load,ecological risk and geoaccumulated risk.Based upon the used indices,a priority index(P_index) was used to rank the utmost contaminated sites.Though the concentrations of mercury in all sediments were below the guideline, the significant enriched contamination was observed by all applied indices.As expected,the values of pollution load index（PLI）,ecological risk index（RI） and geoaccumulation risk index(I_geo) demonstrated lower heavy metal contamination in upstream areas compared to the downstream. Admittedly,sediments were unpolluted to slightly-polluted according to PLI while high to extremely high ecological risks were observed in several sediment samples.Furthermore,all the samples were uncontaminated as per I_geo.After simplification of I_geo,the P_index,showed the utmost contaminated sediments with a value of 2.537.Notably,protective measures should be taken to the highly contaminated areas which are prioritized by P_index Admittedly,the maximum concentrations of total organic carbon,total nitrogen,inorganic nitrogen,total phosphorous,inorganic phosphorous,calcium, magnesium,sodium and potassium were significantly observed as 7.8×10⁴,3,185,36,1,032,3.7, 1,5163,2,881,669 and 4,076mg/kg accordingly.     

Petrogenesis of Cenozoic Basaltic Rocks from Jiangsu Province,China:Evidence from Geochemical Constraints

Cenozoic（Miocene to Pleistocene） basaltic rocks in Jiangsu province of eastern China include olivine tholeiite and alkali basalt.We present major,trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic data as well as Ar-Ar dating of these basalts to discuss the petrogenesis of the basalts and identify the geological processes beneath the study area.On the basis of chemical compisitions and Ar-Ar dating of Cenonoic basaltic rocks from Jiangsu province,we suggest that these basalts may belong to the same magmatic system.The alkali basalts found in Jiangsu province have higherΣFeO,MgO,CaO,Na₂O, TiO₂ and P₂O₅ and incompatible elements,but lower Al₂O₃ and compatible elements contents than olivine tholeiite which may be caused by fractional crystallization of olivine,pyroxene and minor plagioclase.In Jiangsu basaltic rocks the incompatible elements increase with decreasing MgO/ΣFeO ratios.The primitive mantle-normalized incompatible elements and chondrite-normalized REE patterns of basaltic rocks found in Jiangsu province are similar to those of OIB.Partial loss of the mantle lithosphere accompanied by rising of asthenospheric mantle may accelerate the generation of the basaltic magma.The ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd vs.⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr plot indicates a mixing of a depleted asthenospheric mantle source and an EMI component in the study area.According to Shaw’s equation,the basalts from Jiangsu province may be formed by l%-5%partial melting of a depleted asthenospheric mantle source.On the basis of Ar-Ar ages of this study and the fractional crystallization model proposed by Brooks and Nielsen（1982）,we suggest that basalts from Jiangsu province may belong to a magmatic system with JF-2 as the primitive magma which has undergone fractional crystallization and evolved progressively to produce other types of basalts.