CORRECTION FACTORS IN THE DETERMINATION OF MEAN VELOCITY OF OVERLAND FLOW

The velocity of overland flow has been conventionally measured using tracers, but it is difficult to measure the mean flow velocity directly because the centroid of the tracer plume is not easily identified. Consequently, previous investigators have measured the velocity of the leading edge of the plume and multiplied it by a correction factor α to obtain an estimate of mean velocity. An alternative method is to measure the velocity of the peak concentration in the tracer plume and multiply this velocity by another correction factor β to estimate mean velocity. To investigate the controls of α and β and develop predictive models for these correction factors, 40 experiments were performed in a flume with a mobile sand bed. Multiple regression analyses reveal that both α and β vary inversely with slope and directly with Reynolds number. The derived regression equations may be used to calculate the mean velocity of other shallow overland flows, at least within the range of slope and Reynolds number for which the equations were developed. In the experiments, slope ranged from 2.7;° to 10° and Reynolds number from 1900 to 12 600.     

鄂尔多斯盆地盐池-定边地区长7段烃源岩芳烃地球化学特征

基于鄂尔多斯盆地盐池-定边地区13口井16块长7烃源岩样品的GC-MS分析资料,研究了源岩的芳烃地球化学特征,进行了生源和沉积环境的分析,并探讨了芳烃系列成熟度评价参数在该地区的有效性。研究结果显示:研究区源岩主要以二环和三环芳烃类化合物为主,而四环和五环芳烃类化合物较低,芴含量较高,普遍含有1,2,5-TMN和1,2,5,6-TeMN且部分样品含量偏高,并检测出一定含量的惹烯、苝、和芘等陆源高等植物生物标志化合物,表明研究区源岩形成于滨浅湖弱氧化-弱还原的环境中,高等植物的输入对该地区源岩的形成占有一定贡献。芳烃中烷基萘、烷基菲和烷基二苯并噻吩等成熟度参数表明源岩样品现今正处于成熟阶段。虽然利用不同系列芳烃类化合物求取的等效镜质体反射率存在一定差异,但能定性地反映出源岩的热演化程度。     

陆海统筹背景下的沿海地区经济系统脆弱性空间分异研究

脆弱性分析是可持续发展的重要研究内容。从敏感性与应对能力两方面构建经济系统脆弱性指标体系,运用客观赋权、集对分析、障碍度评价公式等方法对2011年中国沿海地区经济系统的脆弱性空间分异特征、机理、障碍因素进行评价分析,结果表明:1从整体看,中国沿海地区经济系统脆弱性普遍较高且类型空间分布整体分散、部分连片集中,空间差异性显著,其中华南、东北沿海地区的经济脆弱性明显高于华东、华北沿海地区,呈现出较高脆弱与高脆弱特征。2从分区看,中等脆弱地区集中在京津、江浙和广东等经济较为发达的地区,该地区具有高敏感性与高应对性的特征;辽宁、河北、福建、广西和海南等地区的经济系统脆弱性较高,主要特征表现为高敏感性和较低的应对能力。3通过对沿海各地区经济系统脆弱性障碍因子的分析,提出中国沿海地区11省、市、自治区经济系统可持续发展建议。     

Grassland coverage inter-annual variation and its coupling relation with hydrothermal factors in China during 1982-2010

GIMMS (Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies) NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) from 1982 to 2006 and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) NDVI from 2001 to 2010 were blended to extract the grass coverage and analyze its spatial pattern. The response of grass coverage to climatic variations at annual and monthly time scales was analyzed. Grass coverage distribution had increased from northwest to southeast across China. During 1982-2010, the mean nationwide grass coverage was 34% but exhibited apparent spatial heterogeneity, being the highest (61.4%) in slope grasslands and the lowest (17.1%) in desert grasslands. There was a slight increase of the grass coverage with a rate of 0.17% per year. Increase in slope grasslands coverage was as high as 0.27% per year, while in the plain grasslands and meadows the grass coverage increase was the lowest (being 0.11% per year and 0.1% per year, respectively). Across China, the grass coverage with extremely significant increase (P<0.01) and significant increase (P<0.05) accounted for 46.03% and 11% of the total grassland area, respectively, while those with extremely significant and significant decrease accounted for only 4.1% and 3.24%, respectively. At the annual time scale, there are no significant correlations between grass coverage and annual mean temperature and precipitation. However, the grass coverage was somewhat affected by temperature in alpine and sub-alpine grassland, alpine and sub-alpine meadow, slope grassland and meadow, while grass coverage in desert grassland and plain grassland was more affected by precipitation. At the monthly time-scale, there are significant correlations between grass coverage with both temperature and precipitation, indicating that the grass coverage is more affected by seasonal fluctuations of hydrothermal conditions. Additionally, there is one-month time lag-effect between grass coverage and climate factors for each grassland types.     

2001-2010 年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征

基于MODIS-NDVI 遥感数据反演了内蒙古地区2001-2010 年植被覆盖度的空间格局和变化规律, 并结合该地区同期降雨量和温度数据, 分别从不同空间和时间尺度上分析了森林生态区、草原生态区和荒漠生态区植被的年际变化和月际变化对气候变化的响应。结果表明:(1) 内蒙古植被覆盖度在空间上呈现东高西低的分布特征, 自西向东的变化速率为0.2/10°N, 10 年间森林、草原和荒漠生态区的年均植被覆盖度分别为0.57、0.4 和0.16;(2) 2001-2010年, 内蒙古植被覆盖度总体上呈上升趋势, 研究区内植被覆盖度极显著增加和显著增加的面积分别占总面积的11.25%和29.13%, 二者之和大于植被覆盖度极显著减少和显著减少的面积比例之和, 后者分别为7.65%和26.61%;(3) 在年际水平上, 内蒙古植被生长总体上与降雨量的关系更加密切, 而在月际水平上, 降雨量和温度对植被生长的影响作用相当, 说明年内植被生长更依赖于水热组合的共同作用, 而与单一气候因子的相关性降低;(4) 森林生态区植被覆盖度在年/月际水平上均与温度的相关性较强, 荒漠生态区植被覆盖度在年/月际水平上均与降雨量相关性较强, 而草原生态区植被覆盖度在年际水平上主要受降雨影响, 在月际水平上与二者相关性相当;(5) 草原区月植被覆盖度对降雨量的响应存在时滞效应。     

佳木斯卫星地面站雷击事件分析与对策

1 引言 2008年9月6日,佳木斯天气为强对流的雷雨天气,并伴有大量的雷暴发生,雷暴予警强度高,易发生雷击事件.13:25佳木斯卫星地面站遭受雷暴袭击,设备损坏,造成业务系统瘫痪.在听取了卫星地面站观测人员对雷击事件的介绍后,对遭雷击损坏的12 m天线系统、4.2m天线系统、监控系统、卫星定位系统及主控机房进行了现场勘察、检测、分析.     

The magnetic susceptibility measurements of turbidity current sediments from Fuxian Lake of Yunnan Province and their correlations with earthquakes

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贫金属星的重元素丰度Ⅱ.细致的光谱分析

本文确定了贫金属矮星和亚巨星的重元素丰度.基于高分辨率高信噪比光谱得到27颗样本星的锶、钇、锆、钡、镧、铈和铕丰度.主要结果为:(1)第一峰区元素锶-钇-锆显示了奇偶效应,在晕族星中钇相对于锶和锆过贫。(2)对[Fe/H]>-2.5的恒星钇丰度为常数([Y/Fe]=-0.06).(3)对于[Fe/H]<-1.7的样本星,随金属丰度减小钡过贫增加·(4)镧和铈相对于铁过贫.(5)在金属丰度-1.0>[Fe/H]>- 2.0 区间,铕表现过富.(6)对[Y/Fe],[Zr/Fe]和[Ba/Fe]存在约0.1dex的本质弥散.     

酒泉盆地群热演化史恢复及其对比研究

酒泉盆地群是由两期不同性质、不同世代盆地叠加而成的 .晚侏罗纪-早白垩世为拉张断陷盆地 ,第三纪以来为挤压坳陷盆地 .酒泉盆地群现今地温梯度及大地热流值都较低 ,地温梯度主要在 2 51- 3 0 0℃ /1 0 0m之间 ,大地热流值在 50- 57mW /m2 之间 .酒泉盆地群中生代晚期为拉张断陷 ,古地温梯度高 ,可达 3 75- 4 50℃ /1 0 0m ,新生代以来地温梯度逐渐降低 ,而花海盆地、酒西盆地石北凹陷沉降幅度小 ,古地温高于今地温 .下白垩统烃源岩热演化程度受古地温控制 .主生烃期仅有一次 ,为早白垩世晚期 .酒西盆地青西凹陷、酒东盆地营尔凹陷在新生代以来大幅度沉降 ,下白垩统烃源岩热演化程度受现今地温控制 .主生烃期有两次 ,一次为早白垩世晚期 ,另一次为晚第三纪以来 ,且以晚第三纪以来为主 .不同盆地及同一盆地不同构造单元由于构造热演化史的不同 ,主生烃期及油气勘探前景明显不同 .     

兰新铁路第二双线大风规律及影响分析

利用兰新铁路第二双线16个新建气象站2010年7月1日至2014年6月30日多层高度风向、风速资料,对兰新铁路第二双线沿线10 m高度和近地层大风分布规律进行分析。结果表明,兰新铁路第二双线沿线10 min平均风速、极大风速变化趋势基本一致,但风速最大站与最小站的差异显著;风速具有明显的日变化、月变化以及季节变化特征,且变化特征较为一致;兰新第二双线存在4个相对风速大值区—白洋河特大桥至头道河段、红台南至了墩南、烟墩风区西侧至红柳河特大桥段及安北车站东南段;风向方面,从白杨河特大桥至百里风区东侧以偏西、偏北风为主,烟墩风区西侧至玉门地窝铺大桥以偏东风为主;兰新铁路第二双线沿线近地层梯度风从由低到高风速逐渐增加,但增大幅度略有差异;典型大风天气过程中,大风维持时间与四大风速大值区有较好的对应关系,大风持续时间和铁路运营停轮时间均在白杨河特大桥至头道河段最多。