Temporal changes in the vertical distribution of flow and chloride in deep wells

The combination of flowmeter and depth-dependent water-quality data was used to evaluate the quantity and source of high-chloride water yielded from different depths to eight production wells in the Pleasant Valley area of southern California. The wells were screened from 117 to 437 m below land surface, and in most cases, flow from the aquifer into the wells was not uniformly distributed throughout the well screen. Wells having as little as 6 m of screen in the overlying upper aquifer system yielded as much as 50% of their water from the upper system during drought periods, while the deeper parts of the well screens yielded 15% or less of the total yield of the wells. Mixing of water within wells during pumping degraded higher-quality water with poorer-quality water from deeper depths, and in some cases with poorer-quality water from the overlying upper aquifer system. Changes in the mixture of water within a well, resulting from changes in the distribution of flow into the well, changed the quality of water from the surface discharge of wells over time. The combination of flowmeter and depth-dependent water quality data yielded information about sources of high-chloride water to wells that was not available on the basis of samples collected from nearby observation wells. Changing well design to eliminate small quantities of poor-quality water from deeper parts of the well may improve the quality of water from some wells without greatly reducing well yield.     

Impact of offsite sediment transport and toxicity on remediation of a contaminated estuarine bay

Sediment of Ostrich Bay, an arm of Dyes Inlet on Puget Sound, was historically contaminated with ordnance compounds from an onshore US Navy facility. An initial recommendation for a sediment cover to mitigate benthic risks was followed by studies of sediment transport and deposition to determine whether contaminated sediment from Dyes Inlet or other offsite sources in Puget Sound may contribute to Ostrich Bay impacts. A Sediment Trend Analysis (STA) identified net sediment transport pathways throughout the bay and inlet by examining changes in grain size distributions in multiple adjacent samples. Results indicated that fine-grained sedimentary material transports into and deposits throughout the Dyes Inlet system, with no erosion or transport out of Ostrich Bay. Echinoderm larvae mortality bioassay results were elevated in fine-grained sediments of both Ostrich Bay and Dyes Inlet. Ordnance compounds were undetected, and although sediment mercury concentrations were elevated at 0.48-1.4 mg/kg in both waterbodies, the relationship with toxicity was weak. Results of the studies and sedimentation modeling indicate that impacted sedimentary material deposits throughout the Dyes Inlet/Ostrich Bay system from unknown sources and will prevent natural recovery of Ostrich Bay as well as negate long-term effectiveness of active remedial measures. Stakeholders have recognized that remediation of the bay can be achieved only after the toxicity of depositing sediment decreases.     

西澳大利亚地盾太古宙绿岩带金矿化的特征、成因和构造控制:简要回顾

Ⅰ导论本文简要地回顾现在对西澳大利亚地盾太古宙金矿的认识。该地盾绿岩带中有2000多个分散分布的金矿点,但正象大多数绿岩带一样,只存在几个主要矿床。例如,前十个最大型矿床便产约占总产量75％的金(表1)。卡尔古利,一个巨大的金矿田,在过去便产出约一半的金。这些较大型的金矿和绿岩带中小型矿床,在本文中被着重描述。首先根据包括矿床的构造型式,容矿岩及变质环境的分类来讨论这些主要的矿床类     

冀北辽西地区构造形迹的新认识

冀北辽西地区的盖层可分两个构造层，由燕辽复向斜和秦皇岛背形相互叠加，并相应发育两期推覆构造。复向斜范围包括内蒙古地轴和燕辽沉降带，是由长条形的3个背斜和2个向斜相间，及配套的EW向纵断裂、SN向横断裂和NE向、NW向的共扼断裂组成。著名的尚义一宽城一凌源一朝阳一北票断裂是复向斜及其次级背斜的轴部纵断裂，以南大岭组、窑坡组和北票组作为其裂隙充填物。燕山EW向断裂南北对冲现象是复向斜纵断裂放射状排列并向核部推覆的反映。秦皇岛背形以秦皇岛一凌源断裂为轴面，由复向斜的轴面褶皱而成，背形转折端在秦皇岛，呈相对上翘。本区NE向、NNE向断裂的叠加在区域上有不同的表现：冀北段NE向、NNE向褶皱叠加的结果使燕山段复向斜成为短轴褶皱样式，平面团呈NW向排列，符合Ramsay第一类褶皱干涉样式的第二种类型。复向斜的形成机制完全符合纵弯褶皱作用下岩石的变形原理，是西伯利亚板块和华北板块碰撞的结果；秦皇岛背形的形成是后期太平洋板块俯冲在欧亚板块之下所致。     

巴哈马的阿巴科岛外声学传播时间和动态高度偏差现象间的关系

倒置回声测深仪（ＩＥＳ＇Ｓ）是用来测量ＩＥＳ到海表面环行声学传播时间。推荐这些相当谦价的海底安装的仪器是为了以下几个目的：ａ．长期监测特殊站点的动力变化（如热容量、温跃层、动力高度偏差等）；ｂ．卫星高度计的公海标准，ｃ．研究近岸验潮仪和近海验潮仪之间不同的海平面信号。为测量海平面的变化，特别是厘米级精确度的变化，必须获得传输时间和动态高度偏差之间的精确关系。假设在动态高度偏差和传播时间之间有不变的     

Organochlorine contaminants in endangered Hawaiian monk seals from four subpopulations in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

We analyzed blubber and blood samples for organochlorines (OCs) from 158 Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) at four of their six primary breeding colonies in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Levels of OCs in blubber were lower in adult females compared to juveniles or adult males, evidently owing to the transfer of these lipophilic compounds to pups by pregnant and lactating females. Concentrations of SigmaPCBs and p,p'-DDE in blubber generally increased with age until seals were sexually mature and then continued to increase with age in males after puberty. Average levels of PCBs and PCB toxic equivalents (TEQs) in blubber were significantly higher in adult male and juvenile seals at Midway Atoll than the same age class of seals at the other colonies. Unlike concentrations of OCs in blubber, circulating levels of OCs in blood did not vary consistently among age classes of seals or among breeding colonies. Though the concentrations of OCs measured in Hawaiian monk seals were generally equal to or lower than those reported for other pinniped species in the North Pacific Ocean, they were high enough in a few seals to potentially affect their health.