燕山中段大红峪组火山岩的古风化特征

燕山中段（主要是指北京市平谷县内）大红峪组火山岩,在火山活动的间歇期,存在古风化现象,古风化使火山岩的成分、结构遭受改变,以致影响对岩石岩性的确定及同位素年龄的测定等。不同的地质环境,其风化情景不同。文中论述了火山岩的三种风化带及其不同的风化环境特征,并与现代风化带进行对比,研究大红峪组的古风化现象,有利于更好地认识当时的地质环境。     

Effects of naphthalene and phenanthrene on visual and prey capture endpoints during early stages of the dourado Salminus brasiliensis

Naphthalene (NAP) and phenanthrene (PHE) effects on Salminus brasiliensis, a carnivorous freshwater fish, were investigated using behavioral tests. Larval stages of S. brasiliensis were exposed to water concentrations of 0, 0.04 mg/l, 0.20mg/l and 0.50mg/l for naphthalene and 0, 0.01 mg/l, 0.05 mg/l and 0.1mg/l for phenanthrene during two developmental phases. The prey fish Prochilodus lineatus were not exposed. Visual acuity was measured at the end of phase 2 in individual S. brasiliensis, which were also tested at the end of each phase for number of attacks on prey, number of prey captured, prey capture efficiency, and distance swam. Vision was impaired by PHE exposure, as acuity angles increased in exposed fish. At Stage I 2.3+/-1.2 prey were captured with 46% efficiency in controls compared to 0.4+/-0.3 prey captured with 13.4% efficiency in fish exposed to 0.05 mg PHEl(-1), the LOEL for both endpoints. At Stage II 4.0+/-1.1 preys were captured in controls compared to 2.5+/-0.9 preys captured in fish exposed to 0.01 mg PHEl(-1), the LOEL. Stage II control fish captured prey with 70% efficiency compared to 30% efficiency at Stage II fish exposed to 0.05 mg PHEl(-1), the LOEL. Distance swam was not affected by either NAP or PHE exposure. The exposure of larval stages of S. brasiliensis to realistic water concentrations of PHE impairs foraging skills and could affect recruitment of the species.     

一条Rodinia山脉—震旦纪的喜马拉雅山

笔者首次将海拔高度的概念及现代冰川理论,并结合古地磁资料,提出罗圈冰期时古天山－秦岭山脉是一条大约位于赤道－北回归线之间、由众多高山组成的,且许多山峰至少在4000m以上,已形成冰川、或许局部地区存在冰原的山脉,总的地理特征类似于今天的喜马拉雅山脉。而华北地块和库鲁克塔格地块是高原和平原,此二地块的南边是海域。古秦岭的南坡是现代秦岭的北坡。冰川融化时冰水携带的冰碛物向南流入海,所以华北地块上无冰碛物存在。大地构造上,晋宁期以前,上述各地块相互独立。震量时它们开始发生作用,秦岭地块和阿克苏－乌什地块分别向华北地块与库鲁克塔格地块汇聚,引起后者上升,逐渐发展成为山脉。至震旦纪末期,山脉上升到4000m以上,形成冰川。此后,山脉被剥蚀夷平,至寒武纪初,华北、库鲁克塔格两地块又降到海平面之下接受沉积,该山脉消亡。由于我们恢复了新元古代超大陆一条造山带,并推测新元古宙末期华北、华南、塔里木三大地块曾经汇聚在一起。     

华北地台南缘苏-鲁-皖地区中-新元古界的重新划分与对比

近些年来,燕山地区青白口系下马岭组斑脱岩锆石SHRIMP法U-Pb测年获1366～1380 Ma,下马岭组的时代已属中元古代。华北地台南缘苏-鲁-皖地区与下马岭组相当的地层当属徐淮群上部史家组至望山组,也有属中元古代的可能。淮北地区出露大面积的基性岩墙群,并侵入于徐淮群中,辉绿岩单颗粒锆石SHRIMP法U-Pb年龄为976土24～1038土26 Ma,徐淮群的时代显然老于该年龄。据此,苏-鲁-皖地区“青白口系至震旦系”的地层格架应重新进行划分与对比。结合宏观藻类化石Chuaria-Tawuia组合与蠕形类化石Pararenicola-Paleolina组合等资料,笔者将本区原“青白口系至震旦系”的地层重新划分为中元界长城系-蓟县系的徐淮群下部,金州系的徐淮群上部,新元古界下部的淮南群和新元古界上部的南华系。本区凤台组冰碛岩与劳伦古陆西缘750 Ma的拉皮坦群冰碛层似可对比;与五岗集组相当的陕西罗圈组上段泥质岩Rb-Sr年龄为722 Ma;凤台组冰碛层出现古磁极倒转,与扬子地台也有磁极倒转的古城组冰碛层大体相当,围干组-凤台组-五岗集组分别可与扬子地台的莲沱组-古城组-大塘坡组对比,其时代应划归南华纪为宜。据此,笔者全面调整了苏-鲁-皖区中-新元古界的划分与对比,并首次将华北地台南缘的冰碛层划归南华系下部,实现了华北地台与扬子地台南华系的直接对比与衔接,初步解决了华北地台与扬子地台南华系-震旦系长期悬而未决的重大地层对比问题,为重新建立我国以蓟县剖面为代表的中-新元古界地层格架提供了坚实的地层基础,此建议无疑具有重要的地层学意义和地质年代学意义。另外,该区新元古界亦可与劳伦古陆加拿大新元古界麦肯齐山超群-铜旋回和拉皮坦群冰碛层对比,进一步表明华北地台与劳伦古陆曾处在Rodinia超大陆范围内的可能。     

Chronic oil pollution harms Magellanic penguins in the Southwest Atlantic

Petroleum pollution is a problem for seabirds along the Southwest Atlantic coast. Twenty-five groups from Salvador, Brazil (12 degrees 58'S) to San Antonio Oeste, Argentina (40 degrees 43'S) survey or rehabilitate sick or oiled seabirds. Four groups, one each in Brazil and Uruguay, and two in Argentina, kept counts of birds found alive and in need of rehabilitation. An average of 63.7% of the seabirds found were Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), with 3869 reported since 1987. Mainly adult penguins were found in Argentina (1605 of 2102 penguins of known age class) and Uruguay (158 of 197). Juveniles were most common in Brazil (234 of 325). Oil fouling was the most frequent cause of injury or sickness. The number of oiled penguins reported in their wintering range has greatly increased since the early 1990s and is strongly correlated with petroleum exports from Argentina. Our results show that chronic petroleum pollution is a problem for wildlife from Southern Brazil through Northern Argentina, and regulations and enforcement are failing to protect living resources.     

The meaning of the 'impact factor' in the case of an open-access journal

The dominant model of journal evaluation emerged at the time when there were no open-access journals, and nobody has assessed yet whether this model is able to cope with this modern reality. This commentary attempts to fill the gaps in the common understanding of the role that 'impact factor' should play in evaluation of open-access journals.     

Characteristics of Drought and Flood in Zhejiang Province, East China： Past and Future

On the basis of large amount of historical and measured data,this paper analyzed the regional,periodic,frequency,continuing,and response characteristics of droughts and floods in Zhejiang and proposed the conception of ratio of peak runoff.Main characteristics of droughts and floods in Zhejiang are as follows:1)The western Zhejiang region is plum rain major control area,and the eastern coastal region of Zhejiang is typhoon major control area.2)Within a long period in the future,Zhejiang will be in the long period that features droughts.3)In Zhejiang the 17th century was frequent drought and flood period,the 16th,19th,and 20th centuries were normal periods,while the 18th century was spasmodic drought and flood period.4)The severe and medium floods in Zhejiang were all centered around the M-or m-year of the 11-year sunspot activity period.5)There are biggish years of annual runoff occurred in El Ni?o year(E)or the following year(E 1)in Zhejiang.The near future evolution trend of droughts and floods in Zhejiang is as follows:1)Within a relatively long period in the future,Zhejiang Province will be in the long period of mostly drought years.2)Between 1999 and 2009 this area will feature drought years mainly,while the period of 2010-2020 will feature flood years mostly.3)Zhejiang has a good response to the sunspot activities,and the years around 2009,2015,and 2020 must be given due attention,especially around 2020 there might be an extremely severe flood year in Zhejiang.4)Floods in Zhejiang have good response to El Ni?o events,in El Ni?o year or the following year much attention must be paid to.And 5)In the future,the first,second,and third severe typhoon years in Zhejiang will be 2009,2012,and 2015,respectively.     

THE EFFECT OF MISLABELED SAMPLES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE LINEAR LEARNING MACHINE

Over the past 15 years the linear learning machine has been applied to a large number of chemicalproblems.The learning machine approach is conceptually simple and does not require knowledge aboutthe statistical distribution of the data.However,there are problems associated with this approach.Oneproblem which has not been investigated is the influence of mislabeled samples on the positioning of thehyerplane in feature space.If a few samples in a data set are incorrectly tagged prior to training(i.e.thesamples are labeled as members of class 2 even though they are actually members of class 1),it is stilIpossible using the linear learning machine to achieve a classification success rate of 100% for the trainingset.However,unfavorable results will be obtained for the prediction set.The magnitude of this effect andits potential implications regarding the proper use of the linear learning machine are discussed.     

The development of the SCAT process for the assessment of oiled shorelines

The Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Team (SCAT) process is a tool to assess oiled shorelines and is now an integral component of spill response operations. The key element of a SCAT survey is a systematic documentation using standard terms and definitions of the shoreline in the areas affected by an oil spill. SCAT programs were initially established to provide objective and accurate shoreline oiling information directly to cleanup operations. The role of the SCAT program has since expanded and the information generated by the field teams is used now by planners and decision-makers and to develop shoreline treatment recommendations, to select appropriate treatment techniques, and to establish the level or degree of treatment that is appropriate. This latter point is an integral part of establishing shoreline treatment criteria or standards and treatment end points.     

Temporal changes in the vertical distribution of flow and chloride in deep wells

The combination of flowmeter and depth-dependent water-quality data was used to evaluate the quantity and source of high-chloride water yielded from different depths to eight production wells in the Pleasant Valley area of southern California. The wells were screened from 117 to 437 m below land surface, and in most cases, flow from the aquifer into the wells was not uniformly distributed throughout the well screen. Wells having as little as 6 m of screen in the overlying upper aquifer system yielded as much as 50% of their water from the upper system during drought periods, while the deeper parts of the well screens yielded 15% or less of the total yield of the wells. Mixing of water within wells during pumping degraded higher-quality water with poorer-quality water from deeper depths, and in some cases with poorer-quality water from the overlying upper aquifer system. Changes in the mixture of water within a well, resulting from changes in the distribution of flow into the well, changed the quality of water from the surface discharge of wells over time. The combination of flowmeter and depth-dependent water quality data yielded information about sources of high-chloride water to wells that was not available on the basis of samples collected from nearby observation wells. Changing well design to eliminate small quantities of poor-quality water from deeper parts of the well may improve the quality of water from some wells without greatly reducing well yield.