The Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect in elliptical galaxies

The history of the discovery of hot gas in galaxies is briefly reviewed, and the main properties of this gas described, emphasizing the need to refine these properties, in particular, the mass of the gas. It is proposed to do this via observations of the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) effect due to hot gas in the coronas of elliptical galaxies. The absolute and relative perturbations of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation due to scattering of the CMB photons by electrons with a Maxwellian energy distribution are calculated. The possibility of observing the SZ effect is demonstrated using three elliptical galaxies as examples. The kinematic SZ effect arising due to the peculiar motions and rotations of the galaxies is also accessible to observations. Together with X-ray data, such observations would enable refinement of the properties of gas in galaxies, and also yield additional information about the rotation of galaxies, possible accretion flows in the galactic gas, and hot galactic winds.     

Different magneto-rotational supernovae

We present the results of two-dimensional calculations of a magneto-rotational (MR) supernova explosion with a collapsing core for various core masses, rotational angular momenta, and magnetic-field configurations. It is shown that the MR mechanism produces an explosion energy that corresponds to observed values. The form of the explosion depends substantially on the initial configuration of the magnetic field. MR instability develops during the evolution of the magnetic field in an MR supernova explosion, resulting in an exponential increase of all components of the magnetic field, thereby substantially decreasing the time scale of the MR explosion. The energy of the supernova increases with the core’s mass and initial rotational energy.     

Fluid inclusion and stable isotope characteristics of the Karalar (Gazipaşa,Antalya) barite-galena deposits,Southern Turkey

The Karalar galena-barite deposits are typical examples of the carbonate-hosted barite-galena deposits widely occurring in the Central Tauride Belt. These deposits are located in Permian limestones as ore veins along fault zones that are discordant to the bedding planes and as thin veinlets within hardly brecciated bottom zones of Permian limestones. The ore deposits contain mainly barite and galena and small amounts of sphalerite, pyrite, fahlore, limonite, quartz, and calcite. Barites occur during the earlier episode of mineralization and were mylonitized before the formation of galena. Galena and other minerals occur epigenetically with barite along porous zones between brecciated barite crystals and are especially abundant in the hardly mylonitized zones. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that the ore deposits of the area were developed by hydrothermal fluids with following characteristics: they contained NaCl, CaCl₂, and MgCl₂; the salinity of the fluids was relatively high and their temperature was low during the crystallization of barites in the earlier episode of mineralization; and the salinity of the fluids decreased and their temperature increased during the crystallization of sulfide minerals through the later episode of mineralization. δ₁₈O and the δD results indicate that the water in the mineralizing fluid was of meteoric origin. The deposits were formed by deep meteoric water circulating through marine sediments. Shallow circulating and slightly warmed fluids dissolved Ba and sulfate from marine sediments of the basement and transported them to the mineralization environment during the early episode, while deep circulating and more heated fluids dissolved Pb, Zn, and other elements from the basement and reached the environment during the later episode of mineralization. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Rare earth elements in tourmaline and chlorite from tin-bearing assemblages: Factors controlling fractionation of REE in hydrothermal systems

The REE distribution in minerals from tin-bearing ore-magmatic systems of the Russian Far East, including the Komsomolsk, Khingan, and Badzhal districts in the Amur region and the Kavalerovo, Lesozavodsk, Voznesenka, Furmanovo, and other districts in Primorsky krai, has been studied. The main attention was focused on tourmaline and chlorite; in addition, associated biotite, feldspar, apatite, fluorite, and carbonates were examined. The major factors affecting the REE distribution in the studied minerals are the temperature, Eh, and pH of the mineral-forming medium; crystal chemistry; partition coefficients of REE between fluid and minerals; and complexation that disturbs the coherent behavior of REE. Fluid evolution at different stages is characterized.     

Normative quartz as an indicator of the mass transfer intensity during the postmagmatic alteration of the Botuobinskaya pipe kimberlites (Yakutia)

The intensity of postmagmatic processes in the Botuobinskaya pipe kimberlites was estimated from the calculated content of normative secondary quartz (Q). Several simple algorithms are proposed to calculate the Q content from chemical analyses of kimberlites. Ten groups of altered kimberlites have been recognized from the Q contents. The contents of MgO, some trace elements, and LREE in the groups, the contents of Cr and Ca of crimson garnets, the diamond contents of kimberlites, and the average weight of diamonds decrease as the Q content increases. It is shown that the negative SiO₂–MgO correlation is the most effective indicator of the postmagmatic alteration of kimberlites. As the degree of their secondary alteration increases, the kimberlites transform into an assemblage of quartz and clay minerals enriched in some trace elements and almost completely lacking REE and diamonds.     

Soil-to-dwelling radon isotope ratio in the Baikal region

Relations between indoor and soil gas radon were experimentally studied in villages of the Baikal region. On the basis of the obtained data, the soil-to-indoor radon ratio was calculated, which can be used for prediction of radon pollution in buildings of the same kind.     

Intrayear irregularities of the Earth’s rotation

The methods of celestial mechanics can be used to construct a mathematical model for the perturbed rotational motions of the deformable Earth that can adequately describe the astrometric measurements of the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS). This model describes the gravitational and tidal influences of the Sun and Moon. Fine resonant interactions of long-period zonal tides (annual, semiannual, monthly, and biweekly) with the diurnal and semidiurnal tides are revealed. These interactions can be reliably confirmed via a spectral analysis of the IERS data. Numerical modeling of tidal irregularities of the Earth’s axial rotation was carried out, focusing on the analysis and forecasting of variations of the day length occurring within short time intervals of a year or shorter (intrayear variations).