火成磷灰石矿床的产出模式、经济开发和世界资源

<正> 火成磷灰石矿床,在某些国家,特别在尚未发现或只有不利于商业开采的沉积磷矿的一些国家中日趋重要。世界上商品磷酸盐岩和精矿的总产量,在1978年约1.25亿吨,其中火成矿床的磷灰石产量超过1900万吨(表1),占世界总产量的15%以上。虽然其产量低于1977年(当时火成磷矿产量占世界产量的18%),但比过去十多年增加了1100万吨。这主要是由于苏联科拉半岛的希宾(Khibiny)矿山开采规模扩大所致。目前开采     

第24章：监测执行《全面禁止核试验条约》的地震学方法

1996年9月，经过近40年期间遭遇许多次失败的协商谈判之后，对《全面禁止核试验条约》（CTBT）的文本最终达成了一致并在联合国开放供各国签署，随即由5个声称拥有核武器的国家（美、俄、中、英、法）进行了签署。在签字仪式上，克林顿总统称该条约为“最长久的追求、最艰苦的战斗、核武器控制的收获”。     

Hard X-Ray Emission from the Galaxy Cluster A2256

After the positive detection by BeppoSAX of hard X-ray radiation up to approximately 80 keV in the Coma Cluster spectrum, we present evidence for nonthermal emission from A2256 in excess of thermal emission at a 4.6 sigma confidence level. In addition to this power-law component, a second nonthermal component already detected by ASCA could be present in the X-ray spectrum of the cluster, which is not surprising given the complex radio morphology of the cluster central region. The spectral index of the hard tail detected by the Phoswich Detection System on board BeppoSAX is marginally consistent with that expected for the inverse Compton model. A value of approximately 0.05 μG is derived for the intracluster magnetic field of the extended radio emission in the northern regions of the cluster, while a higher value of approximately 0.5 μG could be present in the central radio halo, which is likely related to the hard tail detected by ASCA.     

Development of a fluorescent antibody method for the detection of Enterococcus faecium and its potential for coastal aquatic environment monitoring

A direct, microscopic fluorescent antibody method was developed to detect the occurrence of Enterococcus faecium in coastal aquatic environments and was compared with the conventional membrane filtering method. The "in situ" application of the antibody-based protocol in the analysis of water samples collected from coastal polyhaline habitats demonstrated good sensitivity and ease of implementation. Data obtained with the microscopic technique were in agreement with those obtained from culture counts. The fluorescent antibody method proved to be a rapid and reliable technique for the detection of E. faecium. The advantages and limitations intrinsic to the method are discussed, highlighting the potential of this new technique for monitoring coastal aquatic environments.     

Permeability hysterisis of limestone during isotropic compression

The evolution of permeability hysterisis in Indiana Limestone during application of isotropic confining pressures up to 60 MPa was measured by conducting one-dimensional constant flow rate tests. These tests were carried out either during monotonic application of the confining pressure or during loading-partial unloading cycles. Irreversible permeability changes occurred during both monotonic and repeated incremental compression of the limestone. Mathematical relationships are developed for describing the evolution of path-dependent permeability during isotropic compression.     

DEVELOPMENT OF A SURFACE PLUME MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION TO SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODELLING OF DREDGING IN COASTAL WATERS

I INTRODUCTIONSediment dredging operations are effective means of maintaining the natural navigation channel ofshipping for transportation of passengers and cargoes (Goldbeck 1998, Wakeman 1998). Expansions ofexisting ports to facilitate the groWth in marine traffic often necessitate navigation channel dredgingactivities (Foxworthy et. al. 1995, Luger et. al. 1998). Dredging is also heavily used for marine mining ofthe scabed deposits for gold or minerals (Anon 1996, Gamett 1996), and …     

加拿大西苏必利尔省花岗岩—绿岩地体中剪切带变形和总应变

引言本文试图论述加拿大西苏必利尔省太古宙花岗岩—绿岩地体中的应力,剪应变位移和总应变。本文详细讨论的地区位于温尼伯湖以东,北纬51°和54°之间(图Ⅰ)。该区最近已经进行了填图,并有很多论文作了描述。该区南北延伸330公里,面积61000平方公里,是西苏必利尔省很重要的一部分。Park 和 Ermanovics(1978)曾对曼尼托巴和安大略的岛湖地区(图2东北部)进行过构造分析,提出该地区晚太古宙主导变形是(1)一系列强烈发育的东西向构造或线状构造,以及(2)一组共轭的 NE-SW 左旋和 NW-SE 右旋的剪切带。东西向构造所属的区域变形期发育有直立褶皱,并在绿岩带和局部在周围岩基的一种退变质组构(retrogres-     

Arsenic pollution in Patos Lagoon estuarine sediments, Brazil

Arsenic distribution in sediments of the Mirim-Patos lagoonal system is investigated. Deposits of fresh water Mirim Lagoon and those of the fresh water part of the Patos Lagoon contain 2.5 and 7.7 mg kg(-1), respectively, on average of total arsenic. In contrast, estuarine sediments of the Patos Lagoon are evidently contaminated by arsenic in high concentrations (up to 50 mg kg(-1)), and about 80% of the arsenic there is found in a bioavailable form. Analytical data coupled with direct, visual observations of estuarine water contamination by raw phosphorites and fertilizers suggest that the major source of arsenic in the estuarine sediments originated from the fertilizer industry.     

Multicomponent simulations of contrasting redox environments at an LNAPL site

A two-dimensional multicomponent reactive transport modeling approach was used to simulate contaminant transport and the evolution of redox processes at a large-scale kerosene-contaminated site near Berlin, Germany. In contrast to previous site-scale modeling studies that focused either on one or two contaminants or on steady-state redox conditions, multiple contaminants and electron acceptors, including mineral phase Iron (III), were considered with an evolving redox zonation. Inhibition terms were used to switch between the different electron acceptor processes in the reaction scheme. The transient evolution of redox zones and contaminant plumes was simulated for two separate transects of the site, which have different geology and ground water recharge distributions and where quite different downstream contaminant and terminal electron–accepting process (TEAP) distributions are observed. The same reaction system, calibrated to measured concentrations along one of the transects, was used in both cases, achieving a reasonable match with observed concentrations. The differences between the two transects could thus to some extent be attributed to the different hydrological and hydrogeological conditions, in particular ground water recharge distributions. Long-term simulations showed that the distribution of TEAPs evolves as Fe(III) becomes depleted, with conditions becoming increasingly methanogenic, leading to changes in contaminant plume lengths. The models were applied to assess the potential effects of planned changes in land use at the site that may affect the ground water recharge distribution. The simulated redox zonation responded strongly to changes in recharge, which in turn led to changes in the contaminant plume lengths.     

阿尔卑斯山脉东南部地区震动图的实时生成研究

在阿尔卑斯山脉东南部地区进行了震动图（ShakeMap）的实时生成研究。ShakeMap软件系统已经在该地区安装,并已经可以与Antelope数据采集系统获得稳定的界面,能够从波形数据中提取地面运动的参数,并且在地震发生5min内生成震动图。为了评价台站密度的影响,我们计算了2004年博韦茨地震（斯洛文尼亚西北部）的合成地震图,以及不同网格大小虚拟台站的震动图。结果表明,密集且均匀的台站分布是产生精确震动图的基本条件,目前弗留利中部地区的台站密度已经足够可靠地估计最强烈震动区域范围内的震动程度。使用特定地区的地面运动预测方程和从记录到的地面运动预测宏观地震烈度的经验关系,相关的震动图能够实时或准实时地生成。通过弱震动（2007年克劳特地震）和强震动（1998年博韦茨地震）的观测数据和ShakeMap结果的比较,证明了该模型的正确性。