High-efficiency calculation method for watershed rainfall-runoff routing using one-dimensional dynamic wave equations

Efficiency in solving the Saint-Venant equations for watershed rainfall-runoff routing is important in flood hydrology. This paper presents a high-efficiency numerical solution of one-dimensional dynamic wave equations (HEDWE) for watershed rainfall-runoff routing, in which the full momentum equation is written as a quadratic equation with only one unknown variable Q, water depth is derived from the continuity equation using the two-step predictor-corrector method, and the discrete scheme is the explicit upwind scheme. The results of numerical tests showed the HEDWE approach has several major advantages. 1) It is a stable numerical method, even for an initially dry area. 2) Its computational efficiency is higher than 4.76E+05 times/s. 3) It can be used for overland flow, river flow, and combinations thereof. The primary disadvantages of the HEDWE approach are its unsuitability for rapidly varying flow, such as dam-break floods.     

摩擦作用对西南低涡扰动的影响

西南低涡是对流层下层的中尺度扰动。本文在零级近似条件下,采用p坐标系的基本方程组,在边界层内设计两层模式。通过一定的简化方程组后,得到:当Z≤1/2[kL~2/(μ~2Knu~*)] 时,摩擦效应具有二重性,一方面使扰动减弱;另一方面使扰动增强,而前者的影响略大于后者,最终使扰动消失。频率随高度Z的降低而增加。当Z>1/2[kL~2/(μ~2Knμ~*)]时,摩擦作用甚微,几乎可以忽略不计。频率虽然有两个值,但随高度Z的增加,他们趋于一个常值。     

Observational evidence for solar coronal decimetric radio pulsations with very short periods

Using the decimetric (700–1500 MHz) radio spectrometer and the synchronous observational system with high temporal resolution at four frequencies (1420, 2130, 2840 and 4260 MHz) of Yunnan Observatory, two rare events were observed on 2001 June 24 and 1990 July 30. The former was a small radio burst exhibiting pulsations with short periods (about 29, 40 and 100 ms) in the impulsive phase. The latter was a large radio burst, which at 2840 MHz produced radio pulsations with period of about 30 ms. This paper focuses on pulsations with very short periods in the range of 29–40 ms. The mechanism of generation of such pulsations may be modulation of radio radiation by the periodic trains of whistler packets originating in unstable regions of the corona. Alternatively, these pulsations can be attributed to wave-wave non-linear interactions of electrostatic upper hybrid waves driven by beams of precipitating electrons in flaring loops.     

基于RS的新疆哈密地区生态环境需水分析

干旱半干旱地区水资源缺乏,准确地计算区域生态环境用水和生态环境需水,可以对稀缺水资源进行合理调配,同时起到生态保护的作用。研究过程主要分为两个步骤:(1)采用RS技术,对新疆哈密地区1990年、2000年、2005年中巴资源一号卫星(China Brazil Earth Resources Sat-ellite)数据进行解译,形成1990年、2000年、2005年哈密地区土地覆被图形数据和相应的属性数据,确定相应年份各景观类型的面积;(2)参考有关研究并结合哈密地区实际情况,确定各景观类型的单位生态用水定额和需水定额,进而计算出1990年、2000年、2005年哈密地区的生态用水量,并以2005年哈密地区生态用水量为主要依据计算出保持哈密地区生态环境现状的生态需水量。研究结果表明,为了实现哈密地区生态环境整体保持在现状水平不致恶化、局部区域生态环境(巴里坤湖区)有所改善的生态治理目标,区域内生态环境需水总量为7.526×109m3,这一庞大的需水量将对该地区水资源配置造成巨大的压力;而当结合各类景观的地物空间位置特征进行分析时,发现该区域生态用(需)水量最大的景观(低覆盖草地)可以利用山地积雪融水进行自给,区域内实际需要规划配置的生态环境需水量为2.66×108m3,仅占区域生态环境需水总量的3.53%。在区域生态用(需)水计算过程中应考虑各种景观类型的生态用(需)水量的时空差异性,以保证水资源调配的科学与合理。     

全球气候变化背景下生态系统的脆弱性评价

未来100年气候变暖速度将比上一世纪提高2－10倍,势必对生态系统的格局、过程和服务功能产生巨大影响,威胁生态系统和社会经济的持续发展。因此评价全球气候变化背景下生态系统脆弱性是当前全球变化和生态系统研究的主要内容。由于气候变化以及生态系统对其响应和适应的复杂性,生态系统脆弱性评价进展缓慢。本文在阐明生态系统脆弱性概念的基础上,综述了近年来国内外关于气候变化对生态系统影响及其脆弱性评价研究的现状、方法,归纳和介绍了脆弱性评价研究的三种主要方法——模型模拟研究、指标评价研究以及类比研究,指出气候变化的脆弱性评价研究中存在的问题、不足以及今后的发展方向。     

Pollen-based reconstructions of Holocene vegetation and climatic change of Tibetan Plateau

A synthesis of Holocene pollen records from the Tibetan Plateau shows the history of vegetation and climatic changes during the Holocene. Palynological evidences from 24 cores/sections have been compiled and show that the vegetation shifted from subalpine/alpine conifer forest to subalpine/alpine evergreen sclerophyllous forest in the southeastern part of the plateau; from alpine steppe to alpine desert in the central, western and northern part; and from alpine meadow to alpine steppe in the eastern and southern plateau regions during the Holocene. These records show that increases in precipitation began about 9 ka from the southeast, and a wide ranging level of increased humidity developed over the entire of the plateau around 8-7 ka, followed by aridity from 6 ka and a continuous drying over the plateau after 4-3 ka. The changes in Holocene climates of the plateau can be interpreted qualitatively as a response to orbital forcing and its secondary effects on the Indian Monsoon which expanded northwards     

开鲁盆地奈曼凹陷北部地区下白垩统地层剥蚀量恢复及其对油气藏的影响

恢复地层剥蚀厚度是研究盆地演化史和进行油气资源评价的重要基础工作。奈曼凹陷作为开鲁盆地中一个重要的沉积凹陷,整体勘探程度不高。本文运用地震地层厚度趋势法辅之以构造沉积综合法恢复了奈曼凹陷北部地区下白垩统九佛堂组上段和下段的古地层厚度及地层剥蚀量分布范围;同时结合奈曼地区构造演化特征和沉积相特征确定了奈曼凹陷北部地区的沉降中心位于奈10井区域,明确了九佛堂组时期原始沉积相展布特征。在物源供给方面,北部物源受搬运距离远及剥蚀难以存留的影响未能沉积,主要来自于西部陡坡带发育的扇三角洲相沉积及东部缓坡带发育的辫状河三角洲相沉积。此外,研究还发现奈曼凹陷北部地区下白垩统古地层厚度地质模型特征为北东向受抬升剥蚀最严重,剥蚀范围广,剥蚀厚度大。此次研究对于揭示该区域的构造演化历史及油气成藏过程有一定的参考价值。同时,本次研究方法的应用对于类似沉积盆地的剥蚀量恢复研究也具有借鉴意义。

     

3D Step-by-step inversion strategy for audio magnetotellurics data based on unstructured mesh

A three-dimensional (3D) step-by-step inversion strategy for audio magnetotellurics(AMT) is investigated in this study.The objective function is minimized by it...