Indium Enrichment in the Meng'entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China

Abstract. The Meng'entaolegai In-rich Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is located in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. It is one of the In-richest deposits in China. Large amounts of quartz and sulfide minerals constitute a hydrothermal quartz-sulfide vein deposit within a Hercynian acidic granite massif, which occupies an area of about 400 km². Thirty-six orebodies, controlled strictly by the E-W trend faults, are found in the orefield of 6 km in length from east to west and 200 to 1,000 m in width from south to north. The ore minerals are mainly galena, sphalerite and pyrite, and subordinate chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, cassiterite and stannite with many Ag-minerals. The gangue minerals are mainly quartz, calcite, sericite and chlorite. Economic components of the deposit are dominated by Pb andZn (reserves of Pb and Zn are 0.17 Mt and 0.37 Mt, and their grades are 1 % and 2.3 %, respectively), with Ag, Sn, In and Cd (1,800 t Ag, >2,000 t Sn, >500 t In and 1,800 t Cd) as by-products. Indium is highly enriched in ores and its contents are 9 to 295 ppm in ores and 85 to 2,660 ppm in sphalerite. Analytical results show that the ore-forming fluid of this deposit contains 0.8–3.5 ppm In and 4–36 ppm Sn, and the two elements show a very good positive correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.8672, while the correlation between In and Zn in the ore-forming fluids, with a correlation coefficient of 0.5723, is not as good as that between In and Sn. This indicates that indium has an affinity with tin in the ore-forming fluids. The authors think that this is probably the main reason why those In-rich deposits spread over the world are simultaneously enriched in tin.     

Seismic Activity in the Himalayan Orogenic Belt and Its Related Geohazards

Himalayan orogenic belt is the highest and largest continental collision and subduction zone on the Earth. The Himalayan orogenic belt has produced frequent large earthquakes and caused several geohazards due to landslides and housing collapse, having an impact on the safety of life and property along a length of over 2500 km. Here we took three earthquake clusters as examples, which occurred at Nepal Himalaya, eastern Himalayan syntaxis and western Himalayan syntaxis, respectively. Here we calculated the earthquake locations and fault plane solutions based on the waveform data recorded by seismic stations deployed in source areas by the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. We found that at the Nepal Himalayan, the Main Himalayan Thrust is the major tectonic structure for large earthquakes to occur. At the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, most earthquakes are of the reverse or strike-slip faulting. The major tectonic feature is the combination of the NE-dipping thrust with the southeastern escape of the Tibetan plateau. At the western Himalayan syntaxis, intermediate-depth earthquakes are active. These observations reveal the geometry of the deep subduction of the continental plate with steep dipping angle.     

渤海湾西岸全新世海面变化

在讨论海面标志点基本定义的基础上,从渤海湾西岸534个原始数据中获得了136个指示高水位、潮间带或低水位的海面变化标志点,并重建了它们的相对海平面时空分布,进而获得了渤海湾西岸全新世相对海平面变化带.约10cal.ka B.P. 时,相对海平面变化带达到-25m,以约6m/1000a(即约6mm/a)的平均速率上升,在6cal.ka B.P. 前后达到现代海面的高度; 6cal.ka B.P. 至今,变化带的高度介于+1m~-2m之间,未发现中全新世相对高海面.再搬运海相贝类和陆相泥炭类样品的 14C 年龄,分别存在约600年和660年的驻留时间.经过驻留时间校正的新海面变化年代学序列,将渤海湾相对海平面达到现代高度的时间点确定为约6cal.ka B.P.,从而与全球海面变化的对比更为准确.渤海湾盆地的长期稳定下沉和沉积自重压实的共同作用,可能抵消了冰川均衡调整(GIA)引起的中全新世数米高的相对高海面.     

Geochemistry of environmentally sensitive trace elements in Permian coals from the Huainan coalfield, Anhui, China

To study the geochemical characteristics of 11 environmentally sensitive trace elements in the coals of the Permian Period from the Huainan coalfield, Anhui province, China, borehole samples of 336 coals, two partings, and four roof and floor mudstones were collected from mineable coal seams. Major elements and selected trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HAAS). The depositional environment, abundances, distribution, and modes of occurrence of trace elements were investigated. Results show that clay and carbonate minerals are the principal inorganic constituents in the coals. A lower deltaic plain, where fluvial channel systems developed successively, was the likely depositional environment of the Permian coals in the Huainan coalfield. All major elements have wider variation ranges than those of Chinese coals except for Mg and Fe. The contents of Cr, Co, Ni, and Se are higher than their averages for Chinese coals and world coals. Vertical variations of trace elements in different formations are not significant except for B and Ba. Certain roof and partings are distinctly higher in trace elements than underlying coal bench samples. The modes of occurrence of trace elements vary in different coal seams as a result of different coal-forming environments. Vanadium, Cr, and Th are associated with aluminosilicate minerals, Ba with carbonate minerals, and Cu, Zn, As, Se, and Pb mainly with sulfide minerals.     

绳索取心钻进技术在松散盐岩地层中的应用探讨

地质岩心钻探中,岩心采取率一直是地质找矿、地学科研工作者重点关注的对象,也是岩心钻探重要的考核指标。传统的钻探取心方法在松散、软弱、含盐地层,特别是含易溶盐地层的取心质量不佳;绳索取心钻探在完整地层取心效果较为理想,同时可大大提高劳动生产率、降低劳动强度,而对于松散、软弱地层,其取心难度比起传统钻探有时更为复杂。通过柴达木盆地达布逊干盐湖科学钻探工程,对钻遇的地表层、松散地层如何采取技术方法提高岩心采取率进行了探索和研究。实践证明,通过改善冲洗液性能、改进取心卡簧特性及钻头出水方式3个方面技术措施,可大大提高绳索取心钻进在松散、软弱、弱固结、含盐地层的岩心采取率,由改进前的平均30%提高为平均96%。     

Analysis of radial movement of an unconfined leaky aquifer due to well pumping and injection

Radial movement of an unconfined leaky aquifer was studied with respect to hydraulic forces that are induced by well recharge and discharge. New analytic solutions in the velocity and displacement fields were found and applied to describe transient movement in an unconfined leaky aquifer. Linear momentum and mass balance of saturated porous sediments, the Darcy-Gersevanov law, and the analytic solution of hydraulic drawdown for unsteady flow within the unconfined leaky aquifer were introduced to find the new solutions. Analytic results indicate that the nonlinear relation between the initial hydraulic head (h₀) and the well function has an insignificant effect on the aquifer transient movement when the drawdown s<0.02h ₀. When the well function is simplified with different assumptions and pumping conditions, the new solutions correspondingly reduce to cases that are similar to the Hantush-Jacob, Muskat, and Theis transient movement of a confined leaky aquifer. It was found that large leakance is important in slowing radial movement and reducing aquifer deformation. Flow velocity in the aquifer is more responsive to leakance than to cumulative displacement within the aquifer. The zones and boundary with tensile stress can be located using the same approach applied to a confined aquifer for risk assessment of earth fissuring.

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Résumé Le mouvement radial dans un aquifère semi-perméable libre a été étudié en considérant les forces hydrauliques induites par la recharge et le prélèvement au niveau d’un puits. De nouvelles solutions analytiques des champs de vitesse et de déplacement ont été trouvées et appliquées pour décrire le mouvement transitoire dans un aquifère semi-perméable libre. Pour trouver les nouvelles solutions, le moment linéaire et le bilan de masse dans les sédiments poreux saturés, la loi de Darcy-Gersevanov, et la solution analytique du rabattement hydraulique pour un écoulement transitoire dans un aquifère semi-perméable libre sont pris en compte. Les résultats analytiques montrent que la relation non-linéaire entre le potentiel hydraulique initial (h₀) et la fonction de puits a un effet insignifiant sur le mouvement transitoire de l’aquifère quand le rabattements s <0.02h₀. Si la fonction de puits est simplifiée en tenant compte de différentes hypothèses et conditions de pompage, les nouvelles solutions se réduisent en conséquence à des cas similaires au mouvement transitoire dans un aquifère semi-perméable captif selon Hantush-Jacob, Muskat, et Theis. Il s’est avéré qu’une drainance élevée est importante pour le ralentissement du mouvement radial et la réduction de la déformation de l’aquifère. La vitesse d’écoulement dans l’aquifère est plus sensible à la drainance qu’au déplacement cumulé dans l’aquifère. Les zones et la frontière présentant des contraintes de traction peuvent être localisées en utilisant la même approche appliquée à un aquifère captif pour l’évaluation des risques de fissuration du sol.

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Resumen Se ha estudiado el movimiento radial en un acuífero no confinado con fuga en relación a las fuerzas hidráulicas que son inducidas por la descarga y recarga del pozo. Se encontraron nuevas soluciones analíticas en los campos de desplazamiento y velocidad, las cuales se aplicaron para describir el movimiento transitorio en un acuífero no confinado con fuga. Se han introducido cálculos de balance de masa y momentum lineal de los sedimentos porosos saturados, la Ley Darcy-Gersevanov, y la solución analítica de descenso hidráulico para flujo sin régimen permanente dentro del acuífero no confinado con goteo para encontrar las nuevas soluciones. Los resultados analíticos indican que la relación no lineal entre la presión hidráulica inicial (h₀) y la función del pozo tiene efecto insignificante en el movimiento transitorio del acuífero cuando el descenso s < 0.02h₀. Cuando se simplifica la función del pozo en base a diferentes supuestos y condiciones de bombeo se reducen las nuevas soluciones a casos que son similares a el movimiento transitorio Hantush-Jacob, Muskat, y Theis de un acuífero confinado con goteo. Se encontró que las fugas grandes son importantes en la disminución del movimiento radial y en la reducción de la deformación del acuífero. La velocidad de flujo en el acuífero responde más a las fugas que al desplazamiento acumulativo dentro del acuífero. Pueden localizarse zonas y límites con esfuerzos tensionales usando el mismo enfoque aplicado a acuíferos confinados para evaluación de riesgo de generación de fracturas en el terreno.

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大别造山带红安地块康家湾构造混杂岩锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

扬子克拉通北缘中元古代—新元古代地质构造演化一直是地学界研究的热点。本文报道了大别造山带红安地块康家湾混杂岩中榴闪岩岩块和含石榴子石白云钠长片岩基质中锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素组成。结果表明,康家湾混杂岩中榴闪岩岩块的原岩形成时间为1064±10 Ma,且经历了183±3 Ma的流体作用过程;中元古代锆石Hf同位素组成(ε_Hf(t)=4.7～12.3)接近当时的亏损地幔值,指示榴闪岩原岩(玄武质岩石)可能来自亏损的地幔源区部分熔融作用;混杂基质中碎屑锆石年龄谱可大致分为2576 Ma、2065～1698 Ma、1071～560 Ma和254～156 Ma四组,暗示其物源可能主要来自于近源的秦岭-大别造山带前寒武纪基底;基质中最年轻的岩浆锆石年龄为～240 Ma,表明康家湾混杂岩的最终就位时间可能在晚三叠世到早侏罗世之间。综合秦岭-大别造山带新元古代构造演化过程,本研究认为大别造山带红安地块与扬子克拉通庙湾蛇绿岩、神农架弧等共同构成了一套中元古代末期—新元古代早期岛弧增生造山体系,从而支持扬子克拉通可能由一系列微陆块逐渐拼合而成。     

北京西山地区岩溶发育史及岩溶环境变迁

根据地壳运动所遗留的地貌形态,本区可划分为古生代和新生代二个岩溶发育期。由于本区新构造运动的特点决定了岩溶发育既具有阶段性又具有继承性。据此,新生代岩溶发育期又可划分为三个亚期:早第三纪岩溶发育亚期、晚第三纪岩溶发育亚期、第四纪岩溶发育亚期。本文根据不同时期形成的岩溶形态组合特征、洞穴化学沉积物和碎屑沉积物及具有代表性的洞外沉积物的性状、所含化石、孢粉组合、粘土矿物和重矿物组合及其化学成分和扫描电镜分析、稳定同位素和古地磁测定以及大量的测年资料,综合研究了本区晚第三纪以来的岩溶形成环境及其历史变迁。      

天山-准噶尔地区地震层析成像与壳幔结构

通过对东西天山两条天然地震剖面的远震P波与近震P波走时资料以及2001-2007年新疆地方台网的近震走时资料分析,获得了天山-准噶尔地区的三维地震层析图像.层析反演使用的台站数140个,地震事件1132个,P波走时数24904条.检测板试验结果指出,东西天山剖面、天山轴部和东准噶尔地区P波速度扰动恢复能力相对高.纵波波...     

高邮-宝应4.9级地震地磁谐波振幅比异常特征初步分析

针对高邮-宝应4.9级地震发生前后附近地区未发生其它中等以上地震、地震事件孤立及周边地磁台站分布较密有利于研究地震地磁异常时空特征的特点,较为系统地分析总结了该地震发生前后地磁谐波振幅比的变化特征,研究结果进一步验证了目前对地磁谐波振幅比异常特征的认识,即地磁谐波振幅比异常特征表现出与地电阻率类似的下降-转折-恢复上升的异常变化过程,地震一般发生在异常转折或恢复上升过程中,距震中较近的台站会出现不同步现象——南北向与东西向的不同步以及长短周期的不同步。