基于地学信息图谱的河道、海岸线演变对黄河三角洲景观格局影响研究

本文利用1988、1998、2009和2016年四期遥感影像,运用GIS技术,将地学信息图谱的图形思维与景观生态学的定量思维相结合,以距今不同时期的亚三角洲和滨海湿地为研究区,从景观结构和景观演替两个方面探究黄河三角洲河道、海岸线演变对景观格局的影响。结果表明:(1)距今不同时间的河道对黄河三角洲景观结构的影响程度不同,距今时间越长的亚三角洲研究区内耕地占总面积的比例越大且耕地是亚三角洲研究区中的第一优势景观类型。在1855—1889亚三角洲研究区内,除耕地和建筑用地外,其他各类景观占总面积的比例都较小且随时间变化不明显;在1929—1934亚三角洲研究区内,盐田、养殖池占总面积的比例从2009年到2016年增加了近40%,涨幅明显;在1964—1976亚三角洲研究区内,各类景观占总面积的比例趋于平均;在2017至今的亚三角洲研究区内,耕地和光滩占总面积的比例较高,达到24%左右。(2)距今不同时间的海岸线对黄河三角洲景观结构的影响程度也不同,在1855滨海湿地研究区内,耕地占总面积比例为60%左右,而海域占总面积比例接近于0,极差较大;在1934和1974滨海湿地研究区内,光滩、柽柳、碱蓬群落、芦苇、白茅群落占总面积比例随时间变化几乎呈逐渐下降趋势,而建筑用地和盐田、养殖池则呈逐渐上升趋势;2009滨海湿地研究区,河流、人工水域占总面积比例在2009年和2016年均达到32%以上。(3)根据景观类型重心变化特征,分析河道、海岸线演变对景观演替的影响程度,将不同时期亚三角洲和滨海湿地研究区景观演替分为如下几类:亚三角洲人类活动主导型、废弃河道主导型、行水河道主导型、滨海湿地人类活动主导型、废弃海岸主导型、新海岸主导型。     

Habitability analyses of aquatic bacteria

Habitability is defined as an ability of an organism to inhabit different environments. Habitability of organisms, however, cannot be inferred from analyses such as a whole genome or community structures. A recently developed database, the MetaMetaDB, gives us information from what kind of environments one particular 16S rRNA sequence data has ever been obtained, and thus enables us to infer the habitability of the bacterium in question. In order to check the applicability of this database to study the habitability of aquatic bacteria, samples collected at two Naka River stations, one estuarine station from Naka River Estuary, two coastal stations at Oarai in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan and one station in the Kuroshio Current of the western North Pacific were examined. The phylotypes were tracked against the MetaMetaDB and it was reasonably found that the low-salinity stations were dominated by sequences with “freshwater and groundwater”, “human” and “wastewater” habitat identities, while the high-salinity stations were dominated by those with a “marine” identity. The phylotypes of low-salinity stations with a particular habitat identity were absent or rare in the high-salinity stations and vice versa. The MetaMetaDB also showed that sequences of Cyanobacteria or related phylogenetic groups may be present in the human gut, as well as the probable distribution of the relatives (ancestors/descendants/siblings) of some bacteria. These overall findings proved that the MetaMetaDB is useful as a new tool to infer microbial habitability and it gives us new information on the possible origin and ecology of microorganisms in the environments.     

Inferring trophic variation for Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba) in the Antarctic Peninsula from the austral fall to early winter using stable isotope analysis

The Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba) is a key species in the Southern Ocean ecosystem and an important link in the food web of the Antarctic ecosystem. The trophic information for this species during the transition from the austral fall to the winter is important to understand its poorly known overwintering mechanisms. However, the few studies on the topic differ in their results, in terms of both spatial and temporal variables. We investigated the size dependence and monthly and regional variation in δ~(13) C and δ~(15) N values of adult krill in the Antarctic Peninsula, in the austral fall(April to May) and the early winter(June). We aimed to examine the trophic variations of krill occurred during this period, and the relationship between krill and their feeding environment in the Antarctic marine ecosystem. The following results were obtained:(1) no significant relationship was observed between size and the δ13 C value of krill, but the δ15 N value of krill presented a remarkable association with size;(2)the δ13 C values of krill increased during the austral fall, but no remarkable variation existed at the onset of winter,and the δ15 N values were not significant different during this period;(3) mean δ15 N values of krill differed significantly between the Bransfield Strait and the South Shetland Islands. Our data imply that adult krill present size-, season-, and region-dependent trophic variation during the transition from austral fall to early winter in the Antarctic Peninsula.     

连云港近海紫菜养殖区遥感识别、空间变异和驱动分析

为了科学有效地掌握海域使用信息、管理海域权属,为海域资源调查、管理、规划、保护、合理利用提供服务,为违法、违规、违章用海项目得到有效遏制,减少用海矛盾,有必要开展海域使用动态监测,作者以连云港近海为研究区,利用4个时相Landsat遥感影像(2002、2008、2013、2016年)通过面向对象算法提取弱水背景下的紫菜养殖区信息,揭示空间分异规律,并分析其驱动原因。研究结果表明:4期影像提取连云港近海紫菜养殖区信息的精度分别是87.5%、92%、91.7%和94.6%。紫菜养殖区空间分布的变化规律为紫菜养殖面积不断增加且整体向深海方向推进。赣榆港口航运区和田湾核电站特殊利用区存在少量紫菜养殖区,项目用海不符合连云港市海洋功能区划(2016～2020年)。连云港近海紫菜养殖区空间分异的驱动因子主要是自然条件、养殖技术、海洋经济和社会发展四大因素。     

国际海洋药物研究动态与发展趋势

文章用文献计量与科学知识图谱方法呈现海洋药物研究态势与热点,旨在为海洋药物研究提供参考。本文以SCIE(Science Citation Index Expanded)为数据源,以1980～2017年海洋药物领域论文为研究对象,采用文献计量与知识图谱可视化分析方法,结合Excel、VOSviewer软件,对论文年代分布、研究机构、期刊、作者、高被引论文及研究热点进行分析。结果表明,海洋药物研究的热点方向为海洋天然产物、抗菌活性、细胞毒性、海绵等,应重点关注海洋天然产物及其抗菌药理作用的研究。世界范围内关于海洋药物研究的论文数量呈逐年上升趋势,美国在该领域研究占据绝对优势,其发文量、总被引和H指数均占绝对地位。该领域主要发文期刊为《Marine Drugs》、《Journalof Natural Products》。发文机构中中国科学院位列世界第一,但整体论文质量欠佳,中国在该领域研究水平有待加强,论文影响力仍需提高。     

三种凡纳滨对虾池塘养殖模式环境因子变化和养殖效益的分析

研究了3种凡纳滨对虾池塘养殖模式环境因子变化情况和对养殖效益的分析。实验分为3种不同的养殖模式:对虾单养组、鱼虾混养A组、鱼虾混养B组。结果表明:pH变化范围在8.40~9.06之间,其中对虾单养组pH较之两组鱼虾混养组略高,最高值达9.06;COD变化范围在101~211之间,其中对虾单养组COD较之两组鱼虾混养组略高,范围在132~211之间;氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度为对虾单养组>鱼虾混养A组>鱼虾混养B组;异养菌数目和弧菌数目,随着养殖的进行呈现逐渐增加的趋势,最大值分别为对虾单养组1.1×106 CFU/mL、2.0×103 CFU/mL,鱼虾混养A组1.45×106 CFU/mL、1.80×103 CFU/mL,鱼虾混养B组1.20×106 CFU/mL、1.56×103 CFU/mL;养殖效益上,总产值、纯利润、亩利润、投入产出比均呈现出鱼虾混养B组>鱼虾混养A组>对虾单养组。由此可见,凡纳滨对虾和鱼类混养,可以在保证水质的前提下,提高凡纳滨对虾养殖规格,提高投入产出比,增加养殖效益,是一种相较于凡纳滨对虾单独养殖优越的养殖模式;而不同规格和数量的鱼类和不同数量凡纳滨对虾的混养,又会产生不同的养殖效益。     

海岸破波带内悬沙空间分布试验研究和解析表达式

关于海岸破波带内悬沙浓度水平和垂向分布的研究对于计算海岸输沙率和地形演变具有重要意义。本研究进行了规则波、波群和不规则波三种波浪情况破波带内悬沙浓度的水平和垂向分布的试验测量。试验在大尺度波浪水槽进行,接近实际海岸波况尺度。给出了破波带内多断面悬沙垂向分布的细致测量结果,并以此为基础给出了预报实际海岸破波带内悬沙浓度水平和垂向分布解析表达式,讨论了形成这些分布的物理原因和不同波况、不同破波带区域对分布的影响。     

Bearing capacity of offshore umbrella suction anchor foundation in silty soil under varying loading modes

Considering the current disadvantages of present offshore wind turbine foundations, a novel anchor foundation with skirt and branches is proposed, called offshore umbrella suction anchor foundation (USAF). A series of experiments and numerical simulations were performed to explore the bearing capacity of the USAF under various kinds of loading modes. The bearing characteristics and the anchor–soil interactions are described in detail for horizontal static loading, horizontal cyclic loading, and an antidrawing (pullout) test in silty soil. In the static loading test, the load–deflection of the anchor under step loading was analyzed and the normalized curve of the load–deflection was obtained to determine the ultimate horizontal bearing capacity of the anchor under normal working conditions. Under horizontal cyclic loading, the relationship between the plastic cumulative deformation and cyclic number was determined. In addition, the responses of USAF were investigated for a low wave frequency and storm surges. In the drawing test, it was found that a “segmentation phenomenon” occurred during the test. Moreover, a method to identify the maximum antidrawing load of USAF was provided based on dynamic mechanics. The numerical results show that the use of anchor branches and skirt can enhance the bearing performance of USAF to a certain degree. However, the anchor branch has a slight positive influence on the bearing performance improvement. The USAF is not only similar to a stiff short pile, but a rotation occurs. The failure envelope under composite loading (V-M) was obtained and the changes associated with changes in the aspect ratio of the internal compartment were clarified.     

椭圆度-凹坑双缺陷海底管道局部屈曲特性研究

海底管道在制造、埋设以及使用过程中极易产生椭圆度-凹坑双缺陷,双缺陷影响管道局部屈曲,对含椭圆度-凹坑双缺陷海底管道的局部屈曲特性研究十分必要。现行规范中采用等效椭圆度对含椭圆度-凹坑海底管道进行评估,该方法无法准确评估不同缺陷形式的屈曲特性。采用形状系数对含椭圆度-凹坑双缺陷的海底管道进行评估,运用有限元软件ABAQUS进行数值模拟,并进行试验验证。在此基础上对含有不同凹坑深度、不同椭圆度的海底管道进行局部屈曲的数值模拟,计算不同形状椭圆度、含有不同凹坑深度海底管道的形状系数,对其进行敏感性分析。计算结果表明:形状系数对海底管道椭圆度、凹坑深度、径厚比敏感性较强;对凹坑宽度敏感性较弱。     

深水海底管道铺设安全辅助系统

此次研发的铺管安全辅助系统是一套自动化、简易化、旨在提高安装经济性和安全性的实时运行安全辅助系统,通过实时数据采集及处理,达到对安装期海管强度进行实时监测目的。系统组成包括设备系统和监测软件两部分。设备为系统提供辅助决策数据源;监测软件采用C++语言编写,用于数据接收、解析,并通过OrcaFlex API调用商业有限元软件OrcaFlex为分析内核进行实时分析计算,以可视化界面输出管道应力、应变、触地点等信息,给予船上作业人员安全指导,及时作出决策。