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81.
During the recent earthquakes in Japan and the U.S.A. a number of records from liquefied‐soil sites have been obtained. The ground motion parameters from these sites were studied and several methods for detection of liquefaction from seismic records were developed. The methods, however, focus mainly on the horizontal ground motion and may interpret as liquefaction‐induced some records from soft‐soil deposits or records with dominant surface waves, at which sites the phenomenon was not observed. Besides, not all of the available records from liquefied sites were processed. In this paper, after examination of the ability of different types of ground motion parameters to indicate alone soil liquefaction we propose a new liquefaction detection method that simultaneously analyses instantaneous frequency content of the horizontal and the vertical ground acceleration. We also compare performance of the proposed method with that of the other liquefaction detection methods. The computations are carried out using a common data set including records from liquefied and non‐liquefied sites. Results show that the frequency‐related parameters and the proposed method detect more efficiently the occurrence of liquefaction from the seismic records. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
82.
83.
Vibration of a two-component disordered chain of 500 atoms is investigated. The mass ratio is 28:16. Squared frequency-spectra are obtained for several cases with different degrees of disorder. For a simple case eigenvectors are also calculated to show that there exists a local vibration mode at disorder. If there is an additional impurity atom in the chain, there appear localized vibration modes at the impurity atom above the optical branch and between the optical and the acoustical branches. Vibration of the chain with variable force constants, which are governed by a probability distribution, is studied as a model for a glassy substance.Invited contribution to the Proceedings of a Workshop onThermodynamics and Kinetics of Dust Formation in the Space Medium held at the Lunar and lanetary Institute, Houston, 6–8 September, 1978. 相似文献
84.
Ryo Yamazaki Kazunori Kohri Aya Bamba Tatsuo Yoshida Toru Tsuribe Fumio Takahara 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,371(4):1975-1982
We study the emission from an old supernova remnant (SNR) with an age of around 105 yr and that from a giant molecular cloud (GMC) encountered by the SNR. When the SNR age is around 105 yr, proton acceleration is efficient enough to emit TeV γ-rays both at the shock of the SNR and that in the GMC. The maximum energy of primarily accelerated electrons is so small that TeV γ-rays and X-rays are dominated by hadronic processes, π0 -decay and synchrotron radiation from secondary electrons, respectively. However, if the SNR is older than several 105 yr, there are few high-energy particles emitting TeV γ-rays because of the energy-loss effect and/or the wave-damping effect occurring at low-velocity isothermal shocks. For old SNRs or SNR–GMC interacting systems capable of generating TeV γ-ray emitting particles, we calculated the ratio of TeV γ-ray (1–10 TeV) to X-ray (2–10 keV) energy flux and found that it can be more than ∼102 . Such a source showing large flux ratio may be a possible origin of recently discovered unidentified TeV sources. 相似文献
85.
Estimation of the spatial distribution of ground motion parameters for two recent earthquakes in Japan 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Khosrow T. Shabestari Fumio Yamazaki Jun Saita Masashi Matsuoka 《Tectonophysics》2004,390(1-4):193-204
A recent development in strong motion instrumentation in Japan provides an opportunity to collect valuable data sets, especially after moderate and large magnitude events. Gathering and modeling these data is a necessity for better understanding of regional ground motion characteristics. Estimations of the spatial distribution of earthquake ground motion plays an important role in early-stage damage assessments for both rescue operations by disaster management agencies as well as damage studies of urban structures. Subsurface geology layers and local soil conditions lead to soil amplification that contributes to the estimated ground motion parameters of the surface. We present a case study of the applicability of the nationally proposed GIS-based soil amplification ratios [J. Soil Dyn. Earthqu. Eng. 19 (2000) 41–53] to the October 6, 2000 Tottori-ken Seibu (western Tottori Prefecture) and the March 24, 2001 Geiyo earthquakes in Japan. First, ground motion values were converted to those at a hypothetical ground base-rock level (outcrop) using an amplification ratio for each 1×1 km area, based on geomorphological and subsurface geology information. Then a Kriging method, assuming an attenuation relationship at the base-rock as a trend component, is applied. Finally, the spatial distribution of ground motion at ground surface is obtained by applying GIS-based amplification factors for the entire region. The correlation between the observed and estimated ground motion values is reasonable for both earthquakes. Thus, the proposed method is applicable in near real-time early-damage assessments and seismic hazard studies in Japan. 相似文献
86.
Seafloor hydrothermal alteration at an Archaean mid-ocean ridge 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A hydrothermally metamorphosed/altered greenstone complex capped by bedded cherts exposed in the North Pole, Pilbara Carton, Western Australia, is interpreted as an accretionary complex. It is distinctive in being characterised by both duplex structure and an oceanic crust stratigraphy. This complex is shown to represent an Archaean upper oceanic crust with a mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal metamorphism that increases in grade stratigraphically downward. Three mineral zones have been defined; Zone A of the zeolite facies, the prehnite‐pumpellyite facies or the lower‐greenschist facies at high‐XCO2 condition, Zone B of the greenschist facies, and Zone C of the greenschist/amphibolite transition facies. In Zone A metabasites, Ca‐Al silicates including Ca‐zeolites, prehnite and pumpellyite are absent and epidote/clinozoisite is extremely rare. Instead, abundant carbonates are present with chlorite suggesting high‐XCO2 composition in the fluid. On the other hand, in Zones B and C metabasites, where Ca‐amphibole + epidote/clinozoisite + chlorite + Ca‐Na plagioclase are the dominant assemblages, carbonate is not identified. The metamorphic conditions boundary of Zones B/C were estimated to be about 350 °C at a pressure of <0.5 kbar. Fluid compositions coexisting with Archaean greenstones at the transition between Zones B and C were estimated by thermodynamic calculation in the CaFMASCH system (T = 350–370 °C, P = 150–1000 bar) at XCO2 of 0.012–0.140, such values are higher than present‐day vent fluids collected near mid‐ocean ridges with low‐XCO2 values, up to 0.005. The Archaean seawater depth at the mid‐ocean ridge was estimated to be 1600 m at XCO2 = 0.06 using a depth‐to‐boiling point curve for a fluid. The carbonation due to high‐XCO2 hydrothermal fluids occurred near the ridge‐axis before or was coincident with ridge metamorphism. 相似文献
87.
Hitoshi Tomaru Udo Fehn Zunli Lu Rika Takeuchi Fumio Inagaki Hiroyuki Imachi Ryosuke Kotani Ryo Matsumoto Kan Aoike 《Resource Geology》2009,59(4):359-373
Iodine concentration and radioisotopic composition (129I/I) were measured in the pore waters from the gas hydrate occurrence in the forearc basin offshore Shimokita Peninsula, north-eastern Japan, to determine the source formation of I and accompanying hydrocarbons. Iodine concentrations correlate well with the alkalinity and SO4 patterns, reflecting degradation stages of I-rich buried organic matter, rapidly increasing in the sulfate reduction interval, and becoming constant below 250 meters below the seafloor with an upwelling flux of 1.5 × 10−11 µmol cm−2 year−1. The 129I/I ratios of 300 × 10−15–400 × 10−15 in deep pore waters suggest ages for iodine and hydrocarbon sources as old as 40 Ma. These ages correlate well with the coaly source formations of the Eocene age thought to be responsible for the conventional natural gas deposits underlying the gas hydrate stability zone. Similar profiles are observed in 129I/I ratios of pore waters in the gas hydrate stability zone from the forearc basin in the eastern Nankai Trough, offshore central Japan, where pore waters are enriched in I and reach ages as old as ∼50 Ma through the sediment column. At the outer ridge site along the trough, on the other hand, relatively younger I are more frequently delivered probably through thrusts/faults associated with subduction. The nature of source formations of I and hydrocarbons in the offshore Shimokita Peninsula has a more terrestrial contribution compared with those in the Nankai Trough, but these formations are also considerably older than the host sediments, suggesting long-term transport of I and hydrocarbons for the accumulation of gas hydrates in both locations. 相似文献
88.
89.
Tetsuo Hasegawa Takaaki Arai Nobuyuki Yamaguchi Fumio Sato 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2008,313(1-3):91-94
We report mapping observations of a 35 pc × 35 pc region covering the Sgr B2 molecular cloud complex in the 13CO (3-2) and the CS (7-6) lines using the ASTE 10 m telescope with high angular resolution. The central region was mapped
also in the C18O (3-2) line. The images not only reproduce the characteristic structures noted in the preceding millimeter observations,
but also highlight the interface of the molecular clouds with a large velocity jump of a few tens of km s−1. These new results further support the scenario that a cloud–cloud collision has triggered the formation of massive cloud
cores, which form massive stars of Sgr B2. Prospects of exciting science enabled by ALMA are discussed in relation to these
observations. 相似文献
90.
A mixed model is proposed to fit earthquake interevent time distribution. In this model, the whole distribution is constructed
by mixing the distribution of clustered seismicity, with a suitable distribution of background seismicity. Namely, the fit
is tested assuming a clustered seismicity component modeled by a non-homogeneous Poisson process and a background component
modeled using different hypothetical models (exponential, gamma and Weibull). For southern California, Japan, and Turkey,
the best fit is found when a Weibull distribution is implemented as a model for background seismicity. Our study uses earthquake
random sampling method we introduced recently. It is performed here to account for space–time clustering of earthquakes at
different distances from a given source and to increase the number of samples used to estimate earthquake interevent time
distribution and its power law scaling. For Japan, the contribution of clustered pairs of events to the whole distribution
is analyzed for different magnitude cutoffs, m
c, and different time periods. The results show that power laws are mainly produced by the dominance of correlated pairs at
small and long time ranges. In particular, both power laws, observed at short and long time ranges, can be attributed to time–space
clustering revealed by the standard Gardner and Knopoff’s declustering windows. 相似文献