A case for introducing an explicit carbon price into China's export tax

In recent years, export value-added tax (VAT) refund rebate and export tax (EVRRET) measures have been adopted for energy-intensive products in China. They are proclaimed to be climate policy, yet there is no explicit and unique carbon cost set on export, and the implicit export carbon tax rates vary dramatically across sectors and over different periods. A method is provided to introduce an explicit and unique carbon cost into the current EVRRET. By setting a comparable carbon cost (US$20/tCO₂ and US$30/tCO₂) for eight major energy-intensive sectors to which the EVRRET is widely applied, it derives the corresponding ad valorem average rate for each sector. The introduction of a carbon cost into export VAT refund rebate policy would not increase the current export VAT refund rebate rate (except for the chemical sector), but would simply define a ceiling. However, the same introduction into the export tax policy would lead to an overall increase in sectoral export tax rates. In terms of competitiveness and World Trade Organisation concerns, the better option for introducing a carbon cost into Chinese exports would be through reforming export VAT refund rebate policy.     

天津电力负荷特性及其与气象因子的关系

利用天津近30年来的逐年电力负荷数据以及2002-2005年逐时电力负荷资料,分析了天津电力负荷的变化特征,研究了电力负荷与气象因子的关系.结果表明:近30年来,天津电力负荷的长期趋势基本受当地GDP的影响,气温等气象因子的作用不明显;在季节和日尺度上,气温的影响十分显著,7、8月气温每上升1℃,气象负荷将增加120MW左右;除气温的影响外,夏季、初秋相对湿度对电力负荷的影响非常显著,此外,4月、6月、7月和12月还得考虑风的影响;一般来说,夏季最高气温在30℃以上,平均相对湿度大于65％时,才可能出现极端电力负荷.     

FY2卫星展宽云图接收机设计与实现

静止气象卫星是监测地表、大气、海洋以及空间环境等相关数据的重要手段,为气象、农业、空间环境等领域提供着大量的科学数据.重点对FY2接收机的实现方法进行了研究,主要内容包括二次变频方法、基于HSP50110/HSP50210的数字解调、差分解码、关键参数设置以及信号指示等.最后以误码率为指标并结合图像接收效果对接收机性能进行直观评估,结果表明,所设计的接收机图像清晰、误码率低,具有一定的实际意义与参考价值.     

Modulation of Madden-Julian Oscillation Activity by the Tropical Pacific-Indian Ocean Associated Mode

In this study, the impacts of the tropical Pacific–Indian Ocean associated mode (PIOAM) on Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) activity were investigated using reanalysis data. In the positive (negative) phase of the PIOAM, the amplitudes of MJO zonal wind and outgoing longwave radiation are significantly weakened (enhanced) over the Indian Ocean, while they are enhanced (weakened) over the central and eastern Pacific. The eastward propagation of the MJO can extend to the central Pacific in the positive phase of the PIOAM, whereas it is mainly confined to west of 160°E in the negative phase. The PIOAM impacts MJO activity by modifying the atmospheric circulation and moisture budget. Anomalous ascending (descending) motion and positive (negative) moisture anomalies occur over the western Indian Ocean and central-eastern Pacific (Maritime Continent and western Pacific) during the positive phase of the PIOAM. The anomalous circulation is almost the opposite in the negative phases of the PIOAM. This anomalous circulation and moisture can modulate the activity of the MJO. The stronger moistening over the Indian Ocean induced by zonal and vertical moisture advection leads to the stronger MJO activity over the Indian Ocean in the negative phase of the PIOAM. During the positive phase of the PIOAM, the MJO propagates farther east over the central Pacific owing to the stronger moistening there, which is mainly attributable to the meridional and vertical moisture advection, especially low-frequency background state moisture advection by the MJO’s meridional and vertical velocities.     

Influences of ENSO on boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation over the western Pacific in decaying summer

Climate Dynamics - Characteristics of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) over the western Pacific in ENSO decaying summer are revealed in this study. BSISO activity over the western...     

Rural livelihoods and climate variability in Ningxia, Northwest China

This study addresses the role of climate variability in the livelihoods of agricultural communities in Ningxia, Northwest China. Data sources comprise meteorological observations and official reports, complemented by questionnaires and focus group discussions designed around a livelihoods framework. Sample villages were located in three different agricultural systems: irrigated, mixed irrigated/grazing, and rainfed. Much of Ningxia is perennially dry and this is a significant limiting factor to agricultural production in the region, exacerbated by drought and buffered by irrigation mainly supplied from the Yellow River. Climate observations show stable temperatures from the 1950s to the 1980s followed by a positive trend (0.38°C/decade 1961–2010). Precipitation shows very modest trends and low decadal variability. Recent climate variability, particularly a drought from 2004–2006, was perceived to have had a significant effect on agricultural production and access to water, but it was not the only challenge respondents had faced. Susceptibility to drought was higher in the mixed irrigated and grazing and rainfed areas, due to farmers’ greater exposure to climatic hazards and because a higher proportion of their income originated from farming activities. Respondents were using a wide range of measures to retain and enhance soil moisture and maintain agricultural production. The discussion examines challenges in disentangling the role of climate within rapidly changing livelihood systems.     

江西暴雨过程气象服务减灾效益评估模型及应用

文中利用逆推法和属性层次模型建立暴雨过程防灾减灾服务效益评估模型,根据已有研究和暴雨气象服务防灾减灾经验,通过规范暴雨天气过程的气象服务水平以及政府防灾减灾决策和组织水平的评估指标,实现了暴雨气象服务防灾减灾效益评估的客观化和定量化。并利用该模型对2020年7月6—10日江西连续暴雨过程进行了服务效益评估的应用。     

沙漠风成沙的可溶盐组成及其环境意义

沙漠环境下,风成沉积物可溶盐的组成、分布和成因可为理解地表过程及环境与气候系统间的相互作用提供重要证据.本研究通过对塔克拉玛干、库姆塔格、巴丹吉林和腾格里四大沙漠的风成沙样品的水溶盐研究,提供了中国北方沙漠带风成沙可溶盐的组成、含量、分布的基础数据,并讨论了风成沙可溶盐的来源、地理分布、成因及其对沙漠固碳的环境意义.风...     

中新世以来六盘山邻区黄土-红粘土成土碳酸盐碳氧同位素记录及其对C4植物早期扩张的指示

晚新生代C4植物扩张是地球环境-生态系统演化的霞要事件,重建C4植物地质演化历史是认识新生代地球气候变化、全球植被演化和大气CO2演化历史及区域陆地生态系统转变模式的关键环节.通过最近20多年来对全球不同区域地质剖面中的植物化石、动物牙釉质及成土碳酸盐碳同位素等的分析,研究者认识到晚新生代C4植物在全球成规模出现和扩张...     

SYZX75绳索取心液动锤在破碎地层中的应用

SYZX75绳索取心液动锤钻具由双喷嘴复合式液动潜孔锤与绳索取心钻具结合而成。为解决绳索取心在极破碎岩层钻进中的岩心堵塞,从而造成频繁打捞问题,湖北煤炭地质局在宜昌董家堡磷矿勘探区进行了SYZX75绳索取心液动锤钻进的试验应用。为了使试验数据具有对比性,采取了在一个孔内相近地层进行对比试验,从试验所得数据来看,绳索取心液动锤钻进工艺与普通绳索取心工艺相比,平均回次进尺提高了40.5%,平均每日进尺提高了48.1%。据此认为该项技术可在破碎岩层的勘探区中推广应用。