Messungen der Horizontalintensität des erdmagnetischen Feldes auf der Ostsee in den Jahren 1938 und 1939, ausgeführt mit dem Doppelkompaß als Tauchgerät

Zusammenfassung p Im Jahre 1944 hat der Verfasser ein Gerät für die Messung von H auf See beschrieben. Es handelt sich um einen Doppelkompaß nach Bidlingmaier, der in eine Boje eingeschlossen war, die einige 100 m vom Schiff entfernt versenkt wurde Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt Einzelheiten über die Prüfung der Methode und einen Bericht über die Messungen auf der Ostsee in den Jahren 1938 und 1939. Karten der Horizontalintensität in der westlichen und südöstlichen Ostsee zeigen die Ergebnisse in Verbindung mit magnetischen Aufnahmen der angrenzenden Landgebiete.

---

Measurements of the horizontal intensity of the earth's magnetic field in the baltic 1938 and 1939 with the plunged double-compass

Summary In 1944 the author has described an instrument for the measurement ofH at sea. This instrument was a Bidlingmaier Double-Compass encased in a buoy plunged into the sea some 100 meters from the ship.In the present paper details on the testing of the method and a report on the measurements in the Baltic in 1938 and 1939 are given. Charts of theH-Isodynamics of the western and southeastern part of the Baltic show the results in connexion with the magnetic surveys of the adjoining land areas.

     

Effect of variation of the vertical air density profile on the relative optical air mass

Summary A simple method is developed which allows for estimating the deviations of the relative optical air mass for a given vertical air density profile from the relative optical air mass for the ARDC Model Atmosphere, 1959 which serves as standard. In case of the mean profiles given byQuiroz [3] for middle latitudes, summer; middle latitudes, winter; arctic summer; and arctic winter the air mass deviations turn out to be small.

---

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine einfache Methode entwickelt, um aus den Abweichungen eines gegebenen vertikalen Luftdichteprofils von der als Standard dienenden ARDC-Modell-Atmosph?re 1959 die entsprechenden Abweichungen in der relativen optischen Luftmasse abzusch?tzen. Im Fall der vonQuiroz [3] angegebenen mittleren Luftdichteprofile für mittlere Breiten, Sommer; mittlere Breiten, Winter; arktischen Sommer und arktischen Winter erweisen sich die Luftmassen-Abweichungen als gering.

---

Résumé On développe ici une méthode simple permettant d'estimer les déviations de la masse optique relative d'air pour un profil donné de la densité verticale de l'air en partant du modèle d'atmosphère ARDC 1959 pris pour référence. Dans le cas des profils moyens indiqués parQuiroz [3] pour les latitudes moyennes en été ou en hiver ainsi que pour l'arctique en été ou en hiver, les déviations dues aux différentes masses d'air sont faibles.

     

Das diffuse Himmelslicht in der hohen Atmosphäre

Summary Devices developped in our laboratory for measurement of the diffuse sky light were shot with the French rocket Véronique into the sky over the Sahara. The measurements are discussed in detail. The final result is given in Fig. 6 with a plot of the diffuse sky light of a unit air mass as a function of altitude. At first the emission decreases to a minimum value in the tropopause due to the Rayleigh scattering of air molecules. Then the values increase to a maximum at an altitude of 25 km that is attributed to solid particles existing in a zone over the tropopause. The periods for rotation and precession of the rocket could be determined owing to the sun looking into the device.     

Landsliding and sediment flux in the Central Swiss Alps: A photogrammetric study of the Schimbrig landslide, Entlebuch

This study explores the effects of hillslope mass failure on the sediment flux in the Waldemme drainage basin, Central Swiss Alps, over decadal time scales. This area is characterized by abundant landslides affecting principally flysch units and is therefore an important sediment source. The analysis concentrates on the Schimbrig landslide that potentially contributes up to 15% to the sediment budget of the Waldemme drainage basin. Volumetric changes are quantified using high-resolution elevation models that were extracted using digital photogrammetric techniques. Sediment discharge data were used to constrain the significance of the landslide for sediment flux in the channel network. The temporal extent of the photogrammetric analysis ranges from 1962 to 1998, including an earth slide event in 1994. The analyses reveal that during periods of low slip rates of the landslide, nearly all of the displaced sediments were eroded and supplied to the channel network. In contrast, during active periods, only a fraction of the displaced landslide mass was exported to the trunk stream. Interestingly, the 1994 earth slide event did not disturb the long-term sediment discharge pattern of the channel network, nor did it influence the sediment flux at a weekly scale. However, suspended sediment pulses correlate with higher-than-average precipitation events. This was especially the case in August 2005 when a storm event (> 100 years return period) triggered several debris flows and earth flows in the whole drainage basin and in the Schimbrig area. This storm did not result in a significant increase in the slip rates of the entire landslide's main body. It is therefore proposed that debris flows and earth flows perform the connectivity between hillslope processes (e.g. landsliding) and the trunk stream during and between phases of landslide activity in this particular setting.     

The sediment budget and dynamics of a delta‐canyon‐lobe system over the Anthropocene timescale: The Rhone River delta,Lake Geneva (Switzerland/France)

Deltas are important coastal sediment accumulation zones in both marine and lacustrine settings. However, currents derived from tides, waves or rivers can transfer that sediment into distal, deep environments, connecting terrestrial and deep marine depozones. The sediment transfer system of the Rhone River in Lake Geneva is composed of a sublacustrine delta, a deeply incised canyon and a distal lobe, which resembles, at a smaller scale, deep‐sea fan systems fed by high discharge rivers. From the comparison of two bathymetric datasets, collected in 1891 and 2014, a sediment budget was calculated for eastern Lake Geneva, based on which sediment distribution patterns were defined. During the past 125 years, sediment deposition occurred mostly in three high sedimentation rate areas: the proximal delta front, the canyon‐levée system and the distal lobe. Mean sedimentation rates in these areas vary from 0·0246 m year^?1 (distal lobe) to 0·0737 m year^?1 (delta front). Although the delta front–levées–distal lobe complex only comprises 17·0% of the analysed area, it stored 74·9% of the total deposited sediment. Results show that 52·5% of the total sediment stored in this complex was transported toward distal locations through the sublacustrine canyon. Namely, the canyon–levée complex stored 15·9% of the total sediment, while 36·6% was deposited in the distal lobe. The results thus show that in deltaic systems where density currents can occur regularly, a significant proportion of riverine sediment input may be transferred to the canyon‐lobe systems leading to important distal sediment accumulation zones.