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281.
Manuela Lodemann Peter Fritz Manfred Wolf Miro Ivanovich Bent T. Hansen Eckehart Nolte 《Applied Geochemistry》1997,12(6):831-849
Highly saline fluids were encountered during the German Continental Deep Drilling Project (KTB) from depths ranging between 2 and 3 km to about 9 km. The most reliable data were obtained from samples extracted during a long-term pumping test in the 4000-m deep KTB pilot hole. Some 460 m3 CaNaCl brines with about 68 g l−1 total dissolved solids (TDS) and some 270 m3 associated gases, mainly N2 and CH4 were pumped to the surface from the main fracture system situated near the bottom of the pilot hole. Geochemical and isotopic data support the hydraulic tests which suggest the presence of an open and large fluid reservoir at depth. The pumped fluids from this main fracture system were released from a deep reservoir situated at more than 5500 m depth which is hydraulically connected with the 9101 m deep KTB main hole, drilled some 250 m to the northeast of the pilot hole.While Ca and Sr contents of the extracted brines may be the result of water-rock interaction, Cl is most likely of external origin. The Cl is hypothesized to derive from geotectonic processes rather than to descending infiltration of paleo-seawater (evaporitic brines). The sampled fluids have probably migrated from a deeper reservoir to their present position since the Cretaceous-Tertiary period due to tectonic activity. However, several isotopic studies have identified an admixture of descending paleowaters down to more than 4000 m depth. The high 36ClCl ratio of the fluids sampled during the long-term pumping test point to a host rock highly enriched in UTh, unlike the sampled KTB country rocks. The fluid reservoir is believed to be in contact with the Falkenberg granite massif situated about 2 km to the E of the KTB holes capable of supplying sufficient neutron flux for considerable subsurface production of 36C1. The NaCl(K, SO4) precursor fluids of the CaNaCI brines were produced in the course of extensive tectonic processes since the Late Caledonian within the Bohemian Massif. 相似文献
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283.
Late Cretaceous exhumation history of an extensional extruding wedge (Graz Paleozoic Nappe Complex, Austria) 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Krenn Kurt Fritz Harald Mogessie Aberra Schaflechner Johannes 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(6):1331-1352
Late Cretaceous structures within the eastern Graz Paleozoic Nappe Complex define an extruding wedge with north-eastward directed
thrusting in eastern portions and strike-slip shear along the margins. Stacking structures are overprinted by south-westward
directed extension with low-grade metamorphic rocks in the hangingwall and high-grade basement rocks in the footwall. Pressure–temperature
and structural data are obtained from successively opening quartz veins that record various stages of progressive deformation
and metamorphism. Fluid inclusion data and related structures show that during extension isothermal decompression from ca.
550°C and 8 kbar down to ca. 450°C and 2 kbar was related to exhumation of rocks from deep crustal levels. The data point
to a high geothermal gradient and explain condensed paleo-isotherms due to ductile normal faulting in the eastern areas of
the Graz Paleozoic Nappe Complex. The investigated Late Cretaceous structural elements suggest that the Graz Paleozoic Nappe
Complex decoupled from the surrounding basement units and operated as a large-scale extension–extrusion corridor that evolved
prior to Miocene extrusion tectonics in the Eastern Alps. 相似文献
284.
Boris Radosavljevic Hugues Lantuit Wayne Pollard Paul Overduin Nicole Couture Torsten Sachs Veit Helm Michael Fritz 《Estuaries and Coasts》2016,39(4):900-915
Arctic coastal infrastructure and cultural and archeological sites are increasingly vulnerable to erosion and flooding due to amplified warming of the Arctic, sea level rise, lengthening of open water periods, and a predicted increase in frequency of major storms. Mitigating these hazards necessitates decision-making tools at an appropriate scale. The objectives of this paper are to provide such a tool by assessing potential erosion and flood hazards at Herschel Island, a UNESCO World Heritage candidate site. This study focused on Simpson Point and the adjacent coastal sections because of their archeological, historical, and cultural significance. Shoreline movement was analyzed using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) after digitizing shorelines from 1952, 1970, 2000, and 2011. For purposes of this analysis, the coast was divided in seven coastal reaches (CRs) reflecting different morphologies and/or exposures. Using linear regression rates obtained from these data, projections of shoreline position were made for 20 and 50 years into the future. Flood hazard was assessed using a least cost path analysis based on a high-resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) dataset and current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change sea level estimates. Widespread erosion characterizes the study area. The rate of shoreline movement in different periods of the study ranges from ?5.5 to 2.7 m·a?1 (mean ?0.6 m·a?1). Mean coastal retreat decreased from ?0.6 m·a?1 to ?0.5 m·a?1, for 1952–1970 and 1970–2000, respectively, and increased to ?1.3 m·a?1 in the period 2000–2011. Ice-rich coastal sections most exposed to wave attack exhibited the highest rates of coastal retreat. The geohazard map combines shoreline projections and flood hazard analyses to show that most of the spit area has extreme or very high flood hazard potential, and some buildings are vulnerable to coastal erosion. This study demonstrates that transgressive forcing may provide ample sediment for the expansion of depositional landforms, while growing more susceptible to overwash and flooding. 相似文献
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287.
Two main routes of methods for the preparation of photocatalytic active titanium dioxide films on glass substrates were investigated: (1) the use of titanium dioxide powder and (2) the in situ generation of the catalyst via hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) or TiCl4. The activities of the catalyst films were evaluated by measuring the degradation of dichloroacetic acid (DCA), clofibric acid, and terbuthylazine used as model organic compounds. The concentration decrease of DCA and the concentration increase of chloride ions as the decomposition product allowed to distinguish between photocatalytic degradation of DCA and adsorption onto the TiO2 films. Furthermore, TiO2 films of the commercially available materials P25 (Degussa) and Hombikat UV100 (Sachtleben Chemie) were used to investigate whether there was a difference in the degradation pathways of terbuthylazine as a model compound. For the experiments mini flow‐through reactors were constructed. The investigated immobilization techniques were easy to handle without need of any expensive equipment. All TiO2 coatings showed good photocatalytic activities and mechanical stabilities with efficient long‐term stabilities. The best immobilization reproducibility was achieved by the spray coating technique and by the in situ method with the dipping sol‐gel process starting by TTIP. During the continuous use of the TiO2 films no TiO2 particles were found in the irradiated solutions. 相似文献
288.
Crowdsourcing can efficiently complete tasks that are difficult to automate, but the quality of crowdsourced data is tricky to evaluate. Algorithms to grade volunteer work often assume that all tasks are similarly difficult, an assumption that is frequently false. We use a cropland identification game with over 2,600 participants and 165,000 unique tasks to investigate how best to evaluate the difficulty of crowdsourced tasks and to what extent this is possible based on volunteer responses alone. Inter‐volunteer agreement exceeded 90% for about 80% of the images and was negatively correlated with volunteer‐expressed uncertainty about image classification. A total of 343 relatively difficult images were independently classified as cropland, non‐cropland or impossible by two experts. The experts disagreed weakly (one said impossible while the other rated as cropland or non‐cropland) on 27% of the images, but disagreed strongly (cropland vs. non‐cropland) on only 7%. Inter‐volunteer disagreement increased significantly with inter‐expert disagreement. While volunteers agreed with expert classifications for most images, over 20% would have been mis‐categorized if only the volunteers’ majority vote was used. We end with a series of recommendations for managing the challenges posed by heterogeneous tasks in crowdsourcing campaigns. 相似文献
289.
290.
Fritz Errulat 《Ocean Dynamics》1949,2(1-3):1-21
Zusammenfassung p Im Jahre 1944 hat der Verfasser ein Gerät für die Messung von H auf See beschrieben. Es handelt sich um einen Doppelkompaß nach Bidlingmaier, der in eine Boje eingeschlossen war, die einige 100 m vom Schiff entfernt versenkt wurde Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt Einzelheiten über die Prüfung der Methode und einen Bericht über die Messungen auf der Ostsee in den Jahren 1938 und 1939. Karten der Horizontalintensität in der westlichen und südöstlichen Ostsee zeigen die Ergebnisse in Verbindung mit magnetischen Aufnahmen der angrenzenden Landgebiete.
Measurements of the horizontal intensity of the earth's magnetic field in the baltic 1938 and 1939 with the plunged double-compass
Summary In 1944 the author has described an instrument for the measurement ofH at sea. This instrument was a Bidlingmaier Double-Compass encased in a buoy plunged into the sea some 100 meters from the ship.In the present paper details on the testing of the method and a report on the measurements in the Baltic in 1938 and 1939 are given. Charts of theH-Isodynamics of the western and southeastern part of the Baltic show the results in connexion with the magnetic surveys of the adjoining land areas.相似文献