On the onset of thermal convection in slowly rotating fluid shells

Abstract

The problem of the removal of the degeneracy of the patterns of convective motion in a spherically symmetric fluid shell by the effects of rotation is considered. It is shown that the axisymmetric solution is preferred in sufficiently thick shells where the minimum Rayleigh number corresponds to degree l = 1 of the spherical harmonics. In all cases with l > 1 the solution described by sectional spherical harmonics Y^l _l (θ,φ) is preferred.     

On Intercomparison Of Instruments Used Within The Vatnajökull Glacio-Meteorological Experiment

As an important deliverable of a glaciometeorological experiment the participating research institutes produced a common data set that consists of temperature, humidity, wind and radiation data collected by different types of weather station at an elevation of 2 m above the glacier surface. Although all of the instruments had been calibrated in laboratories, intercomparison measurements were carried out under field conditions before and after the Vatnajökull experiment.This note deals with the intercomparison measurements and considers the observed differences in sensor characteristics. In spite of the fact that different types and brands of sensors were used under difficult field circumstances, the estimated accuracy of the common data set obtained is almost as good as suggested by the manufacturers' specifications. The long-term stability of the sensor calibrations also proved to be good. The reliability of the observed values included in the common Vatnajökull dataset is therefore considered to be high.     

Die Gliederung des Pleistozäns und des Paläolithikums in Palästina

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Fluid evolution,wallrock alteration,and ore mineralization associated with the Rodalquilar epithermal gold-deposit in southeast Spain

At Rodalquilar gold mineralization is found in Late Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Sierra del Cabo de Gata and is related to a caldera collapse. Radial and concentric faults were preferred sites for gold deposition. Hydrothermal activity produced a specific alteration zoning around gold-bearing vein structures, grading from an innermost advanced argillic via an argillic into a more regionally developed propylitic zone. Advanced argillic alteration with silica, pyrophyllite, alunite, and kaolinite extends down to several hundred m indicating a hypogene origin. High-grade gold mineralization in vein structures is confined to the near-surface part of the advanced argillic alteration. Fine-grained gold is associated with hematite, jarosite, limonite, or silica. At a depth of about 120 m, the oxidic ore assemblage grades into sulfide mineralization with pyrite and minor chalcopyrite, covellite, bornite, enargite, and tennantite. Two types of fluids from different sources were involved in the hydrothermal system. Overpressured and hypersaline fluids of presumably magmatic origin initiated the hydrothermal system. Subsequent hydrothermal processes were characterized by the influx of low-salinity solutions of probable marine origin and by interactions between both fluids. Deep-reaching, advanced argillic alteration formed from high-salinity fluids with 20–30 equiv. wt% NaCl at about 225°C. Near-surface gold precipitation and silification are related to fluids with temperatures of about 175°C and 3–4 equiv. wt% NaCl. Gold was transported as Au(HS) ₂ ^– , and precipitation resulted from boiling with a concomitant decrease in temperature, pressure, and pH and an increase in fO₂. All features of the Rodalquilar gold deposit reveal a close relationship to acid-sulfate-type epithermal gold mineralization.     

Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Tiefseesande im westlichen Teil des äquatorialen Atlantiks

Zusammenfassung Es wurden in vorliegender Arbeit die Ergebnisse der sedimentpetrographischen Untersuchung von 5 Albatross -Lotkernen dargestellt, die aus dem westlichen äquatorialen Atlantik stammen und in denen zahlreiche Sandschichten auftreten. Die mineralogische Zusammensetzung des Sedimentmaterials ist allein von seiner kornmäßigen Zusammensetzung abhängig. Gleiche Korngrößenfraktionen sind gleich zusammengesetzt. Der Schwermineralgehalt der untersuchten Proben war ebenfalls qualitativ und quantitativ derselbe. Die Proben aus der Amazonasmündung enthielten eine andere Schwermineralverteilung.In den drei am meisten südöstlich gelegenen Lotkernen tritt je eine Schicht auf, die aus sehr gleichförmigem roten Ton-Blauschlick besteht, der von einer foraminiferenreichen Sandschicht unterlagert wird. In dieser Sandschicht wiesPhleger benthonische Flachwasserforaminiferen nach. Es wird angenommen, daß es sich in allen drei Lotkernen um dieselbe Schicht handelt. Aus der Mächhtigkeitsänderung der Tonschicht und der Änderung der Korngröße des darunterlagernden Sandes wird geschlossen, daß Sand und Ton durch Suspensionsströme transportiert wurden. Als Herkunftsgebiet des Sandmaterials wird der südamerikanische Kontinent angenommen.Herrn Professor Dr.Carl W. Correns zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Ferric iron in orthopyroxene: a Mössbauer spectroscopic study

Ferric iron solid solution in synthetic orthopyroxene has been studied along the joins MgSiO₃-Al₂O₃ · Fe₂O₃ and MgSiO₃-Fe₂O₃. The partially reduced synthetic orthopyroxenes showed that major incorporation of ferric iron can only occur together with a concomitant incorporation of Al. Maximum solid solution of ferric iron along the join MgSiO₃-Fe₂O₃ was found to be only 0.63 wt% Fe₂O₃ at 1000°C and 2 kb total pressure. From the observed Mössbauer parameters octahedral ferric iron can be assigned to the MI position in orthopyroxene. Incorporation of Fe³⁺ and/or Al will increase the disorder of Fe²⁺ and Mg between the M1 and M2 sites, which is also observed in a ferric iron-containing aluminous orthopyroxene of metamorphic origin. In the assemblage orthopyroxene + sillimanite + quartz the ferric iron content of orthopyroxene is directly related to oxygen fugacity.     

Groundwater study using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) in the central highlands of Eritrea

Remote sensing, evaluation of digital elevation models (DEM), geographic information systems (GIS) and fieldwork techniques were combined to study the groundwater conditions in Eritrea. Remote sensing data were interpreted to produce lithological and lineament maps. DEM was used for lineament and geomorphologic mapping. Field studies permitted the study of structures and correlated them with lineament interpretations. Hydrogeological setting of springs and wells were investigated in the field, from well logs and pumping test data. All thematic layers were integrated and analysed in a GIS. Results show that groundwater occurrence is controlled by lithology, structures and landforms. Highest yields occur in basaltic rocks and are due to primary and secondary porosities. High yielding wells and springs are often related to large lineaments, lineament intersections and corresponding structural features. In metamorphic and igneous intrusive rocks with rugged landforms, groundwater occurs mainly in drainage channels with valley fill deposits. Zones of very good groundwater potential are characteristic for basaltic layers overlying lateritized crystalline rocks, flat topography with dense lineaments and structurally controlled drainage channels with valley fill deposits. The overall results demonstrate that the use of remote sensing and GIS provide potentially powerful tools to study groundwater resources and design a suitable exploration plan.An erratum to this article can be found at     

Experimental Study on the Solubility of Cr^2 in Olivine,Orthopyroxene and Spinel Solid Solutions

Experiments have been performed on the system MgO-SiO2-Cr-O at 0-2.88 GPa and 1100-1450℃,focusing on the stability of Cr^2 in olivine(O1),orthopyroxene(Opx) and spinel(Sp) and its partitioning between these phases.Analytical reagent grade chemicals,MgO,SiO2,Cr2O3.and Cr were used to make starting mixtures.Excess Cr(50%) was then added in these mixtures to ensure that the resultant phases were in equilibrium with the metal Cr.Flux of BaO B2O3(%) was added for facilitating experimental equilibrium and crystal growth.Cr was used as capsule material.All phases in the product were identified by X-ray and analyzed by electron microprobe,The contents of CrO in the different phases(O1,Opx and Sp)were calculated according to stoichiometry.The obtained results of calculation indicate that Cr^3 in Ol and Opx is negligible.The experimental results show;(a) with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure,Cr^2 solubility in Ol,Opx and Sp increases;(b) with in creasing temperature,the partitioning coefficient of Mg and Cr^2 between Ol and Opx decreases,that between Opx and Sp increases,and that between Ol and Sp remains almost unchanged;(c) the effect of pressure on all partitioning coefficients is negligible.     

Die Bildung eines Alkaliamphibols in Metagabbros der Bernstein-Rechnitzer-Schieferinsel,Penninikum

Zusammenfassung Im Metagabbro von Redlschlag (Bernstein-Rechnitzer-Schieferinsel, Penninikum) findet sich neben einer Paragenese der Grünschieferfazies mit Aktinolith, Chlorit, Albit und Epidot eine spätere Bildung von einem Alkaliamphibol mit der Zusammensetzung zwischen Riebeckit und Magnesioriebeckit. In beiden Fällen erfolgt keine Gleichgewichtseinstellung während der Metamorphose. Die Bildung der Alkaliamphibole wird auf eine Erhöhung des Druckes zurückgeführt, Bedingungen der Glaukophanschieferfazies wurden allerdings nicht erreicht.

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The formation of an alkaliamphibole in metagabbros from the Bernstein-Rechnitzer-Schist, Pennine

Summary In addition of the paragenesis of the greenschistfacies with actinolite, chlorite, albite and epidote in the metagabbro from Redlschlag (Bernstein-Rechnitzer-schist, Pennine), there is also a later formation of a blue amphibole with a composition between riebeckite and magnesioriebeckite. In neither case an overall equilibrium was reached during metamorphism. The formation of the alkaliamphiboles is due to an increase of pressure but the conditions for glaucophane-schist facies have not been attained.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen