Coarse clast ridge sequences as suitable archives for past storm events? Case study on the Houtman Abrolhos,Western Australia

Prehistoric storm records are relatively scarce in most parts of the world. This article presents storm records derived from coral rubble‐based geological archives of the Houtman Abrolhos Archipelago located off the west coast of Australia, where the southernmost coral reefs of the Indian Ocean are found. Winter storm swell from the circum‐Antarctic ‘Brave Westerlies’, as well as tropical cyclone waves, have left numerous ridge systems on dozens of islands of the archipelago, all composed of coral rubble from adjacent reefs. At three islands, seven ridge systems were dated by three different methods: U‐series (68 dates), radiocarbon (64 dates), electron spin resonance (7 dates); 139 radiometric dates span the last 5500 years of the Holocene. In contrast to the geomorphological interpretation, the age sequences show ‘inversions’, hiatuses and different ages for the same ridge, all pointing to complicated ridge formation processes. Time gaps, some exceeding 1000 years, are interpreted as phases of erosion and not as phases without storm activity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Accurate parameter estimation for star formation history in galaxies using SDSS spectra

To further our knowledge of the complex physical process of galaxy formation, it is essential that we characterize the formation and evolution of large data bases of galaxies. The spectral synthesis starlight code of Cid Fernandes et al. was designed for this purpose. Results of starlight are highly dependent on the choice of input basis of simple stellar population (SSP) spectra. Speed of the code, which uses random walks through the parameter space, scales as the square of the number of the basis spectra, making it computationally necessary to choose a small number of SSPs that are coarsely sampled in age and metallicity. In this paper, we develop methods based on a diffusion map that, for the first time, choose appropriate bases of prototype SSP spectra from a large set of SSP spectra designed to approximate the continuous grid of age and metallicity of SSPs of which galaxies are truly composed. We show that our techniques achieve better accuracy of physical parameter estimation for simulated galaxies. Specifically, we show that our methods significantly decrease the age–metallicity degeneracy that is common in galaxy population synthesis methods. We analyse a sample of 3046 galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6 and compare the parameter estimates obtained from different basis choices.     

Agricultural reorganization in the German Democratic Republic: 1965–1980

Although collectivization of agriculture in the German Democratic Republic was completed by 1960, this sector of the economy has subsequently undergone far-reaching change. In addition to the gradual amalgamation of enterprises into fewer, larger units, cooperation between groups of enterprises since 1968 has been associated with the separation of arable and livestock activities. These trends reflect similar developments elsewhere in the CMEA. Increasing scale and specialization in agriculture have not only produced a completely new range of socialist agricultural enterprises, they have also created operational, environmental and other problems. The current Five Year Plan underlines the need for consolidation of progress so far achieved and the resolution of persistent problems. Despite two decades of modernization, agriculture in the GDR is still more labour intensive than its counterparts in comparable West European countries.     

Speckle interferometry of asteroids II. 532 Herculina

Speckle interferometry of 532 Herculina performed on January 17 and 18, 1982, yields triaxial ellipsoid dimensions of (263 ± 14) × (218 ± 12) × (215 ± 12) km, and a north pole for the asteroid within 7° of RA = 7^b47^m and DEC = ?39° (ecliptic coordinates γ = 132° β = ?59°). In addition, a “spot” some 75% brighter than the rest of the asteroid is inferred from both speckle observations and Herculina's lightcurve history. This bright complex, centered at asterocentric latitude ?35°, longitude 145–165°, extends over a diameter of 55° (115 km) of the asteroid's surface. No evidence for a satellite is found from the speckle observations, which leads to an upper limit of 50 km for the diameter of any satellite with an albedo the same as or higher than Herculina.     

Gulfwatch: monitoring spatial and temporal patterns of trace metal and organic contaminants in the Gulf of Maine (1991-1997) with the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis L

Gulfwatch, established in 1991, is an international contaminant monitoring program in which the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, is used as an indicator of the level and extent of contamination in the Gulf of Maine. Since 1991, trace metals, PAHs, PCBs, and OC pesticides have been measured in mussel tissues at 56 sites. The distribution of most metals was relatively uniform throughout the Gulf with the exception of Ag, Pb and Cr. However, the concentration of organic contaminants increased in a north-to-south direction. High concentrations of contaminants were correlated with large human population density and proximity to large rivers. Temporal analysis of five sites revealed that the majority of contaminant concentrations were either unchanged or decreasing. The concentrations of most contaminants were lower than the median of the National Status and Trends (NS & T) Mussel Watch with the exceptions of Cr, Hg, Pb and sigma PCB24. Hg concentrations at > 80% of the Gulfwatch sites exceeded the NS & T median +1 SD. Gulfwatch continues as a primary contaminant monitoring program in the Gulf of Maine.     

Regularities of rare-earth element distribution in the sedimentary shell and in the crust of the earth

After summarizing the vast analytical material it was possible to establish the differences in rare-earth element (REE) distribution in geosynclines and on platforms. It is shown that the heavier REE composition in sediments of geosynclines and the lighter one in sediments of platforms was initially created by processes of endogenic differentiation and then inherited by sedimentary series of these zones. On the basis of the calculation of the REE content in rocks of various shells of the Earth crust the increase of the role of heavy lanthanides into the depths of the crust is shown. The obtained estimate of REE abundance in the lithosphere led to the conclusion that the crust of our planet, despite the repeated reworking of its matter by sedimentary processes, metamorphism and granitization, has inherited features peculiar to products of tholeiitic magmatism—the most widely spread type of mantle fusion.