Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Vereinfachung der graphischen Integration der barotropen Wirbelgleichung

Zusammenfassung In einer früheren Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, daß das durchFjörtoft bei der graphischen Integration des barotropen Modells zur Rückermittlung des Isohypsenfeldes aus der Vorticityverteilung angewandte Näherungsverfahren, dem gewisse die Allgemeinheit einschränkende Voraussetzungen zugrunde liegen, durch eine statistische Methode mit Erfolg ersetzt werden kann. Der vorliegende Bericht beruht auf den gleichen statistischen Grundlagen, es kommen jedoch zusätzlich noch kinematische Überlegungen hinzu, die schließlich zu einer weiteren Vereinfachung des Arbeitsvorganges führen. Auswertungen an einer konkreten Wetterlage zeigen, daß sowohl die statistische wie die statistisch-kinematische Methode darüber hinaus eine gewisse Verbesserung der Resultate der Integration herbeiführen.

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Summary In a previous paper it was shown that the computation of the geopotential field from a given vorticity distribution by means of theFjörtoft method of graphical integration of the barotropic model may be improved by the introduction of statistical considerations. The present paper deals with the same subject, however expanded by kinematical considerations which eventually lead to a further simplification of the routine procedure. The application to an actual weather situation indicates that the statistical as well as the statistical-kinematical method render a certain improvement of the results.

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Résumé Dans une précédente étude, on avait montré que le processus d'approximation deFjörtoft permettant par intégration graphique de restituer le champ d'isohypses et qui supposait certaines restrictions, peut être remplacé avec succès par une méthode statistique. On ajoute ici à cette dernière des considérations d'ordre cinématique qui conduisent à simplifier encore le procédé. Un exemple pratique démontre que l'intégration proposée conduit à des résultats encore meilleurs.

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Mit 1 Textabbildung     

Alters- und Höhengliederung der Karren in den Nördlichen Kalkalpen

Clints are corrasional features with rock inclined to develop karstic forms which originated by the directed run-off of flowing water. The most typical and far spread features occur in the Northern Calcareous Alps where they are marked by their optimum distribution within the former glaciated areas. With few exceptions, the clints occurring in the Alps are recent. Their age can be established as Late- to Post-Glacial. On the whole the karstic features extend from the highest summits deep down into the valleys but a zone of most extensive distribution occurs between 1900–2000 m and 1200–1300 m. The upper limit is controlled by mechanical weathering, the lower limit by the variation of the conditions of run-off below the soil and vegetation cover. As to ecology the total clint zone can be divided into two areas:

1. The zone of free development of the karst (sharp edged features) and
2. The zone of subcutaneous karst development (rounded features).

With the formation of the clints the rock acts as modifying factor, but the real forming is controlled only by free run-off conditions.     

Spuren auffallend junger Gebirgsbewegungen in den Karawanken

Zusammenfassung In den Karawanken, die man als jüngstes Gebirge der Ostalpen bezeichnen darf, beobachtet man Hangbrekzien beträchtlichen Ausma\es, deren Absatz unter den heutigen Geländeverhältnissen kaum zu erklären ist. Sie werden einzeln beschrieben und versuchsweise in die Mindel-Ri\-Zwischeneiszeit gestellt.Die Annahme jüngster Verstellungen erleichtert die Erklärung der sonderbaren Lage der Hangbrekzien. Das Gebirge scheint seit jenem Interglazial wesentlich höher geworden zu sein; hierbei spielt der Vorschub gegen Norden eine Rolle.     

Daily Weather Observations in Sixteenth-Century Europe

Thirty-two weather diaries written in astronomical calendars in central Europe in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are presented and discussed. Systematic weather observations were promoted by the rise of planetary astronomy and its application in astro-meteorology. The practice of keeping weather diaries spread from Cracow (Poland) to Ingolstadt (Germany) and from there to other universities. The data obtained from these sources provided the backbone for setting up series of precipitation indices for Poland, Germany and Switzerland. Monthly statistics of days with precipitation, snowfall and frost were computed by counting the relevant entries in the most important diaries. The results were compared with either those obtained from instrumental measurements in the same place or with those from modern instrumental measurements in a neighbouring place. The final results show that autumn was considerably colder in the early sixteenth century. April was considerably drier and July was wetter during the period 1508-1531 than during 1901-1960. In order to highlight the impact of weather patterns on grain prices in a year of crisis, the timing of wet and dry spells in southern Poland and southern Germany is compared for the year 1529. Winters became 1.7°C colder from 1564 to 1576 and the month of July tended to be wetter than in 1901-1960. Details noted in the diaries kept between 1585 and 1600 by the astronomers Brahe (near Copenhagen) and Fabricius (in the Ostfriesland region of northwestern Germany) closely agree. It rained more often in June and July and temperatures dropped. The winter months were more frequently dominated by winds from easterly directions, the frequency of snowfall was higher and a deficit occurred in precipitation. This points to a higher frequency of high pressure in the Fennoscandian area with cold air advection from the east or northeast.     

On the volcanology of the Gibeon Kimberlite Field, Namibia

Kimberlite volcanism in the Upper Cretaceous Gibeon Kimberlite Field, southern Namibia, consisting of at least 42 diatremes and a number of associated dykes, is closely related to carbonatitic and ultrabasic volcanic and intrusive activity which occurred at the margin of the Field. The volcanology of the diatremes and dykes as well as their structural setting is reported here. Because of the paleohydrogeological setting, and since juvenile kimberlite occurring in dykes, intrusive plugs, and spherical lapilli is devoid of vesicles, a phreatomagmatic eruption mechanism is proposed for the genesis of the kimberlite diatremes. Karoo dolerite, basalt and sediment xenoliths in the diatremes provide evidence for the former extent of Karoo strata at the time of eruption.     

TRANSALP—deep crustal Vibroseis and explosive seismic profiling in the Eastern Alps

The TRANSALP consortium, comprising institutions from Italy, Austria and Germany, carried out deep seismic reflection measurements in the Eastern Alps between Munich and Venice in 1998, 1999 and 2001. In order to complement each other in resolution and depth range, the Vibroseis technique was combined with simultaneous explosive source measurements. Additionally, passive cross-line recording provided three-dimensional control and alternative north–south sections. Profits were obtained by the combination of the three methods in sectors or depths where one method alone was less successful.The TRANSALP sections clearly image a thin-skinned wedge of tectonic nappes at the northern Alpine front zone, unexpected graben or half-graben structures within the European basement, and, thick-skinned back-thrusting in the southern frontal zone beneath the Dolomite Mountains. A bi-vergent structure at crustal scale is directed from the Alpine axis to the external parts. The Tauern Window obviously forms the hanging wall ramp anticline above a southward dipping, deep reaching reflection pattern interpreted as a tectonic ramp along which the Penninic units of the Tauern Window have been up-thrusted.The upper crystalline crust appears generally transparent. The lower crust in the European domain is characterized by a 6–7 km thick laminated structure. On the Adriatic side the lower crust displays a much thicker or twofold reflective pattern. The crustal root at about 55 km depth is shifted around 50 km to the south with respect to the main Alpine crest.